Global Incidence & Prevalence Report
Find census data for all countries
Incidence
ENGLAND:
This study of national trends in the epidemiology of asthma was
commissioned by the Chief Medical Officer for England because of growing
concern about the high prevalence, disease burden and healthcare costs.
Version 10 of the QRESEARCH database was used for these analyses. This
database contains broadly representative anonymized aggregated health
data derived from 422 primary care practices throughout England. Data
were available for each year during the period 1 January 2001–31
December 2005; these data comprise between 2.8 and 3 million individual
patients who collectively contributed over 30 million patient-years of
observation. Patients were characterized by gender and age. Incidence
was defined as the number of patients with a new case of asthma
diagnosed in a specific year. Lifetime prevalence was defined as the
number of people with asthma ever recorded on at least one occasion in
the general practice (GP) records. Asthma was defined as patients who
have Read codes H33 and below. The incidence of asthma per 1000
patient-years was reported as follows: 2001, 6.9; 2002, 6.7; 2003, 6.1;
2004, 6.4; 2005, 5.2. The relative percentage change in incidence rate
from 2001 to 2005 was reported as follows: women, -23.2%; men, -25.8%;
ages 0-4 years, -38.4%; ages 5-14 years, -27.0%; ages 15-44 years,
-12.6%; ages 45-64 years, -15.7%; ages 65 and older, -21.1%. Between
2001 and 2005, there was a decrease in the incidence rate of asthma in
England. Decreases in incidence were found in all groups of patients,
the largest of which was in pre-school children (i.e., under 5 years).
DISCUSSION: This large national study reveals that the rate of new
diagnoses of asthma appears to have passed its peak. However, the number
of adults with a lifetime asthma diagnosis continues to rise. The
authors estimated that 261,400 of 50 million people in England were
newly diagnosed with asthma in 2005. (Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; V.103; 2010; p98)
ITALY: This article describes the pattern
of the incidence, persistence, and remission of asthma, from birth to
age 44 years, during the period between 1953 and 2000, in a large,
nationally representative sample of young Italian adults who took part
in the multicenter Italian Study on Asthma in Young Adults. The survey
was carried out between 1998 and 2000 in 9 Italian centers belonging to 2
different climatic regions: subcontinental (Northern Italy) and
Mediterranean (Central/Southern Italy). Of the 25,969 eligible subjects
in 9 centers, 18,873 filled in the questionnaire, with an overall
response rate of 72.7%. The estimated adjusted incidence rates (per
1000 persons per year) of asthma for men versus women were reported by
age at onset as follows: 0 to 5 years, 5.3 vs 3.8; 5 to 10 years, 4 vs
2.3; 10 to 15 years, 2.3 vs 1.8; 15 to 20 years, 1.5 vs 1.7; 20 to 25
years, 1.4 vs 1.5; 25 to 30 years, 1.3 vs 1.8; 30 to 35 years, 1.8 vs
3.0; 35 to 40 years, 2 vs 3.2; 40 years and older, 2 vs 5.3. The crude
incidence of asthma (per 1000 persons per year) was reported as follows.
Whole sample: 2.59. Gender: males, 2.76; females, 2.42. Age at
onset: 0 to 5 years, 5.17; 5 to 10 years, 3.56; 10 to 15 years, 2.32;
15 to 20 years, 1.67; 20 to 25 years, 1.40; 25 to 30 years, 1.48; 30 to
35 years, 1.96; 35 to 40 years, 1.87; 40 to 45 years, 2.27. Birth
cohort: 1953 to 1958, 1.59; 1959 to 1963, 2.09; 1964 to 1968, 2.56;
1969 to 1973, 3.57; 1974 to 1979, 4.73. Climatic region:
subcontinental, 2.48; Mediterranean, 2.86. The overall crude incidence
was 2.59 per 1000 persons per year (2.76 per 1000 persons per year in
men and 2.42 per 1000 persons per year in women), which peaked in the
less than 10 years age group and increased in successive generations. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.110; No.2; 8/02; p228)
FINLAND: A
prospective cohort study from Finland examined the incidence of asthma
among adults during a 15-year follow-up period. The study population
was based on the Finnish Twin Cohort. The incidence of asthma was
similar among men (2.3%) and women (2.6%) throughout the whole follow-up
period of 1976 to 1990. On average, 1.6 new asthma diagnoses were made
annually per 1000 adults. (Chest; V.115; No.4; 4/99; p928)
FINLAND: The number of new cases of asthma (calculated from the
number of patients entitled to special reimbursements for prescriptions
of anti-asthmatic drugs) increased between 1986 and 1993 from 1.8% to
4.6% for ages 0-14 years, and from 4.0% to 6.2% for ages 15-54 years;
during the same period, new cases decreased from 5.9% to 4.1% for ages
over 54 years. Thus, asthma incidence increased most quickly in the
population below 15 years of age, and in particular, below 5 years of
age, despite the fact that the diagnosis of asthma is more difficult in
small children than in older children. (Clinical and Experimental Allergy; V.26 (Suppl 1); 1996; p1)
SWEDEN: A questionnaire was sent in 1990
to all 3627 individuals born in 1974 living in the county of Jamtland
and Gastrikland, the southern part of the county of Gavleborg in central
Sweden. The cross-sectional questionnaire study was repeated in 1993.
The incidence of asthma was calculated in the 2308 individuals who
answered the questionnaire in both surveys and who were found not to
have asthma in 1990. The yearly incidence of symptoms was 2.7% for
shortness of breath and 1.7% for frequent wheezing. The yearly
incidence of asthma, calculated as the proportion of the population
reporting that they had asthma or physician diagnosed asthma, was 1.2%
and 1.1%. The use of a combination of diagnosed disease and current use
of asthma medication gave an incidence of 0.8%. The corresponding
figure for attacks of shortness of breath and current use of asthma
medication was 1.2%. The combination of frequent wheezing and attacks
of shortness of breath resulted in the highest incidence (1.3%), while
frequent wheezing and current drug use resulted in the lowest incidence
(0.8%). The results of this study suggest that the incidence of asthma
in late adolescence is about 1%, and that there is a sex difference with
a higher incidence in female subjects. (Thorax; V.50; 1995; p260)
UNITED
KINGDOM: According to QRESEARCH, an estimated 1 person in 192 in the
population was newly diagnosed with asthma in England during 2005. In
2006, the ISAAC Phase III study reported that the incidence of asthma
symptoms had risen in 6- to 7-year-olds in the UK, from 18.4% to 20.9%
over a period of approximately 5 years. The newly recorded incidence of
asthma within primary care decreased from 6.9 per 1000 person-years in
2001 to 5.22 per 1000 in 2005, possibly due to a greater awareness of
the disease and the availability of more effective treatments. However
the allergy burden is unclear: there are a lot of other conditions that
are probably not allergic that make people wheeze. (Science
and Technology Committee; "Allergy."
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldsctech/166/166i.pdf;
Accessed 7/14/08; p1)
UNITED KINGDOM: In a general practice population of 250,739
patients, the estimated frequency of asthma attacks was 14.3 per 1000
patients per year. (BMJ; V.306; 2/27/93; p559)
U.S. (GERIATRIC
POPULATION): The authors performed computer-assisted searches of the
medical literature to identify information on the epidemiology,
diagnosis, and natural history of asthma in individuals over 65 years
old. They reviewed the articles identified as matches for their search
criteria and tabulated the data from them. They searched the
PubMed/MEDLINE databases, and included citations from 1988 to 2008. The
literature review identified no matches from MEDLINE and 137 matches
from PubMed. The majority of those matches were case studies, review
articles, and editorials. Only one longitudinal epidemiologic study
specific for asthmatic subjects over 65 years old was identified. This
was a retrospective cohort study of 98 residents of Rochester, Minnesota
from 1964-1983 who reported the development of asthma for the first
time at age 65 years or older. Individuals with asthma before their 65th
birthday were excluded. The overall incidence of asthma was high:
95/100,000. (The American Journal of Medicine; V.122; 2009; p6)
U.S. (HOSPITALIZATION): In
the United States, severe asthma exacerbations lead to over 400,000
hospitalizations each year, and these hospitalizations constitute about
one-third of the total $11.5 billion in annual asthma-related health
care expenditures. (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; V.174; 2006; p633)
U.S. (SEVERE ASTHMA
EPISODES): The incidence and prevalence of severe episodes of asthma
are unknown and vary as a function of the definition employed. On the
basis of the most recent information from the National Center for Health
Statistics on the incidence of acute episodes and admissions, and
assuming that hospitalization is a perfect surrogate, 4% of the attacks
nationally and 21% of all episodes treated in urgent care centers would
be considered severe. (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; V.168; 2003; p740)
U.S. (PHYSICIAN VISIT
RATES): Using 1978-2002 data from the National Disease and Therapeutic
Index (NDTI), this study documents 25-year trends in asthma office
visits and pharmacotherapy, with a focus on the use of controller and
reliever medications. Data were extracted from the NDTI, a continuing
physician survey conducted by IMS HEALTH (Plymouth Meeting, PA). Most
of these asthma visits occur in outpatient settings. In 2002, 89% were
office visits, 6% were hospital visits, 4% were telephone calls, and 1%
were nursing home visits. There was a doubling in the estimated
national number of annual visits by patients diagnosed with asthma
between 1978 (8.5 million visits) and 1990 (17.7 million visits). The
number of asthma visits then stabilized at a mean of 16 million between
1991 and 2002. In relation to U.S. population estimates, the number of
asthma visits increased from 4 to 7 per 100 people between 1980 and
1990; it has remained at 6 ever since. Between 1978 and 2002, the
proportion of first visits increased by more than 10%, accounting for 1
in 4 asthma visits in 2002. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.111; No.4; 4/03; p729)
U.S.:
This U.S. study used medical records to study physician diagnoses of
asthma in a population-based cohort of children currently in
kindergarten through 12th grade. The authors used a 50% random sample
of children in one of the three public school clusters in Rochester,
Minnesota. Data were abstracted from the time of the child's birth in
Olmsted County or from the time of the child's first visit to any
Olmsted County medical care facility through October 31, 1999. The
median duration of follow-up was 6.78 years for children younger than 10
years and 11.53 years for children older than 10 years at the time of
the study. Overall, 496 (17.6%) of the children had one or more
recorded diagnosis of asthma. 41 (1.6% of the total cohort) children
had only a single visit with a diagnosis of asthma. Overall, 16% of the
children had multiple diagnoses consistent with chronic asthma. The
cumulative incidence of physician-diagnosed asthma was estimated as
follows in boys versus girls: age 5 years, 10% vs 6%; age 10 years, 18%
vs 9%; age 15 years, 27% vs 17%. Asthma diagnoses were 1.5 times more
common in boys than in girls (21% versus 13.9%). The mean age at first
diagnosis of asthma was 6.1 years (median, 5.2 years; range, 9 days to
17.7 years). To allow comparison with cross-sectional studies reporting
"current prevalence" of asthma (usually defined as asthma symptoms
within the past 1 to 2 years), the authors identified children with a
visit in which asthma was documented between November 1, 1997 and
October 31, 1999. The prevalence of "current" asthma was 364 of 2816
children or 12.9% (10.4% in girls and 15.3% in boys). On the basis of
data from multiple studies in several regions of the U.S., it may be
time to update the commonly reported childhood "current" asthma
prevalence rates in the U.S. from 7% to 8% to a broader range of 7% to
13%. The reasons for the sex-related difference in rate and pattern of
acquiring asthma are unknown. (Journal of Pediatrics; V.140; No.5; 5/02; p576)
U.S.: There are about 500,000 new cases of asthma each year in the U.S. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; V.87; Suppl; 7/01; p5)
U.S.: The authors initially evaluated U.S. college freshmen for
evidence of asthma and allergic rhinitis using personal interviews,
physical examination, laboratory tests, and allergy skin tests. These
students were evaluated again by detailed questionnaires at intervals of
3, 7, and 23 years. For the 23-year follow-up study, the authors
present data on 738 individuals (mean age at follow-up, 40 years) who
were skin tested as freshmen and who completed the 23-year follow-up
questionnaire. The results of the 23-year follow-up study demonstrated
that the prevalence of asthma continues to increase as the individuals
become older; the cumulative incidence of asthma was 11.3%. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; V.84; 5/00; p499)
U.S. (DISCHARGE RATES):
According to the 1999 National Hospital Discharge Survey, there were
1,046,949 inpatient discharges for which ICD-9 Code 493.9 (asthma,
unspecified) was listed among all the diagnoses for that
hospitalization, including 368,215 discharges for which it was the
primary diagnosis listed (average length of stay, 3.0 days); for 124,794
discharges it was the only diagnosis listed. For inpatient discharges
listing ICD-9 Code 493.9 as the primary diagnosis, the distribution
according to gender was 39.2% male and 60.8% female, and the
distribution according to age was reported as follows: ages 1 to 9
years, 35.7%; ages 10 to 19 years, 11.1%; ages 20 to 29 years, 8.7%;
ages 30 to 39 years, 10.5%; ages 40 to 49 years, 12.1%; ages 50 to 59
years, 7.1%; ages 60 to 69 years, 6.0%; ages 70 to 79 years, 5.0%; ages
80 and over, 3.8%. (National Hospital Discharge Survey 1999; Clarivate, Inc.; www.tdrdata.com)
U.S.: The incidence of asthma in the elderly in Rochester,
Minnesota, did not change during the years 1964 to 1983. The overall
age- and sex-adjusted incidence was 95 per 100,000. The age-adjusted
incidence was 126 per 100,000 for male subjects and 74 per 100,000 for
female subjects. The age-specific incidence rates declined with age
from 103 per 100,000 in those aged 65 to 74 years, to 81 per 100,000 in
those aged 75 to 84 years, to 58 per 100,000 in those aged 85 or older.
Analysis showed that the incidence of asthma was significantly higher
in male subjects. (Chest; V.111; No.2; 2/97; p303)
U.S.: Four published studies of asthma have provided incidence
estimates for adults living in the U.S. Three were community surveys in
Michigan, Arizona, and Minnesota, while the fourth study is an estimate
from the National Health and Nutrition Survey I and Follow-Up Survey.
In a study of young adults living in suburban Detroit, the 3.4 per 1000
per year incidence of asthma, with a higher risk in women and in those
more than 30 years old, found is similar to incidence estimates reported
in other U.S. populations of similar age over the past 20 years. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; V.77; 10/96; p304)
Prevalence
WORLDWIDE:
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in the world and
is a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. Approximately 300 million
people in the world currently have asthma. The present study is aimed
at quantifying the temporal change in the prevalence of asthma and
allergic rhinitis in the past 20 years in the adult population of Italy,
a country that is characterized by a medium-to-low level of asthma
prevalence. The same screening questionnaire was administered by mail or
phone to random samples of the general population (age 20–44 years) in
Italy, in the frame of three multicenter studies: the European Community
Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) (1991–1993; 6,031 subjects); the
Italian Study on Asthma in Young Adults (ISAYA) (1998–2000; 18,873
subjects); and the Gene Environment Interactions in Respiratory Diseases
(GEIRD) study (2007–2010; 10,494 subjects). Between 1991–1993 and
2007–2010, 35,398 subjects in 12 Italian centers answered the screening
questionnaire. The medians of the adjusted prevalence of current asthma
symptoms in Italy was reported as follows based on data from the
2007-2010 GEIRD: current asthma, 6.6%; allergic rhinitis, 25.8%;
wheezing, 13.9%; shortness of breath, 8.5%; tightness in the chest,
10.2%. The increase in asthma prevalence in the past 20 years was
substantial. In 1991–1993, the median prevalence recorded in the three
Italian centers that participated in the ECRHS survey was 4.1%, ranging
3.3%–5.0%. According to this figure, Italy was classified as a country
with a low-medium prevalence of asthma. 20 years later, when exactly the
same questions were administered in the frame of the GEIRD study, the
median prevalence was 6.6%, ranging 4.5%–8.0%. Interestingly, a
cross-sectional survey performed by the Italian College of General
Practitioners in December 2009 found similar prevalence values. (European Respiratory Journal; V.39; 2012; p883)
WORLDWIDE: In 2004, the global prevalence of asthma was 234.9
million. The prevalence (in millions) by WHO region was reported as
follows: Africa, 30.0; The Americas, 53.3; Eastern Mediterranean, 15.4;
Europe, 28.8; South-East Asia, 45.7; Western Pacific, 61.2. (World Health Organization; "Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update." http://www.who.int; Accessed 11/24/08; p1)
WORLDWIDE: In phase I of the International Study of Asthma and
Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), children aged 13-14 years were studied
in 155 centers in 56 countries and children aged 6-7 years were studied
in 91 centers in 38 countries. Up to 20-fold variations in the
prevalence of “current wheeze” (in the last 12 months) were observed
between centers worldwide (range 1.8% to 36.7%), with a 7-fold variation
observed between the 10th and 90th percentiles (4.4%, 30.9%). Phase
III has involved repeating the phase I survey after 5-10 years to
examine time trends in the prevalence of asthma, allergic
rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in centers and countries that
participated in phase I. Phase III was conducted following as precisely
as possible the methods used in phase I. It included two groups of
centers: (1) Group A are centers that previously completed phase I
according to the ISAAC phase I protocol, including centers for which the
phase I data were submitted too late for inclusion in the first
worldwide publications but were of the required standard; (2) Group B
are centers from around the world that did not participate in phase I
but participated in phase III as new centers. The findings reported
here are of considerable interest. First, they show that in most high
prevalence countries, particularly the English language countries, the
rise in the prevalence of asthma symptoms has peaked and may even have
begun to decline. This is consistent with the findings of other recent
studies in children and in adults. There are some exceptions to this
trend, but of the European and English language countries which showed a
relatively high prevalence in phase I, only Germany and Finland have
shown significant increases in symptom prevalence in phase III. The
increases for North America are due to increases in Barbados (where the
phase I data were too late for inclusion in the phase I paper); the one
U.S. center showed a small decline in symptom prevalence consistent with
the findings for other English language countries. Second, a number of
countries that had high or intermediate levels of symptom prevalence in
phase I have shown significant increases in prevalence in phase III;
these include Latin American countries such as Costa Rica, Panama,
Mexico, Argentina and Chile, and Eastern European countries such as the
Ukraine and Romania. Other countries to show significant increases in
symptom prevalence included Barbados, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria.
Third, with the exception of India, all of the countries with very low
symptom prevalence rates in phase I reported increases in prevalence in
phase III, although only the increases for Indonesia and China were
statistically significant. Finally, virtually all countries,
irrespective of the level of symptom prevalence, reported increases in
lifetime asthma prevalence between phases I and III. In fact, the
increases were most marked in those countries with the highest mean
prevalence between phase I and phase III, despite the fact that many of
these countries reported declines in the prevalence of asthma symptoms
between phase I and phase III. (Thorax; V.62; 2007; p757)
WORLDWIDE: In 1989 the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) program
was initiated with the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,
NIH, and WHO in an effort to raise awareness among public health and
government officials, health care workers, and the general public that
asthma was on the rise. The GINA program recommends a management
program based on the best available scientific evidence to allow doctors
to provide effective medical care for asthma tailored to local health
care systems and resources. Clinical asthma refers to "clinically
important" or severe asthma. This study avoided the use of
doctor-diagnosed asthma, or asthma attacks, or of asthma medication use
due to the marked variation in the recognition and presentation to a
doctor by an individual with recurrent wheezing episodes, and the
considerable differences in diagnostic labeling and treatment by doctors
between populations. As a result, the prevalence rates for clinical
asthma reported here represent a conservative estimate. Asthma is one
of the most common chronic diseases in the world. It is estimated that
around 300 million people in the world currently have asthma.
Considerably higher estimates can be obtained with less conservative
criteria for the diagnosis of clinical asthma. For selected countries,
the proportion of the population with clinical asthma was reported as
follows: Scotland, 18.4%; Wales, 16.8%; England, 15.3%; Australia,
14.7%; Republic of Ireland, 14.6%; Canada, 14.1%; Brazil, 11.4%; U.S.,
10.9%; Turkey, 7.4%; Germany, 6.9%; France, 6.8%; Japan, 6.7%; Spain,
5.7%; Saudi Arabia, 5.6%; Argentina, 5.5%; Singapore, 4.9%; Italy, 4.5%.
For selected regions (total population in parentheses), the number of
persons with asthma and the mean prevalence rate of clinical asthma,
respectively, were reported as follows: Scandinavia/Baltic States (70.2
million), 3.4 million, 4.9%; Western Europe (290.8 million), 17.2
million, 5.9%; Russia and Former Socialist Republics of Eastern Europe
(264.0 million), 9.8 million, 3.7%; Middle East (177.5 million), 10.3
million, 5.8%; Central Asia and Pakistan (224.7 million), 9.7 million,
4.3%; Southern Asia (1210.0 million), 42.2 million, 3.5%;
China/Taiwan/Mongolia (1324.1 million), 27.8 million, 2.1%; Northeast
Asia (196.8 million), 11.4 million, 5.8%; Southeast Asia (529.3
million), 17.5 million, 3.3%; Oceania (30.7 million), 4.5 million,
14.6%; North America (316.9 million), 35.5 million, 11.2%; Central
America (137.3 million), 5.2 million, 3.8%; Caribbean (32.6 million),
3.4 million, 10.4%; South America (350.4 million), 34.7 million, 9.9%;
North Africa (196.5 million), 7.7 million, 3.9%; West Africa (239.5
million), 13.7 million, 5.7%; East Africa (230.2 million), 10.1 million,
4.4%; Southern Africa (186.3 million), 15.1 million, 8.1%. The rate of
asthma increases as communities adopt western lifestyles and become
urbanized. With the projected increase in the proportion of the world's
population that is urban from 45% to 59% in 2025, there is likely to be
a marked increase in the number of asthmatics worldwide over the next
two decades. It is estimated that there may be an additional 100
million persons with asthma by 2025. (Masoli M et al; "Global Burden of Asthma." Global Initiative for Asthma; www.ginasthma.com; Accessed 11/20/05; p1)
WORLDWIDE: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in
the world. It is estimated that about 300 million people in the world
currently have asthma. Considerably higher estimates can be obtained
with less conservative criteria for the diagnosis of clinical asthma.
The rate of asthma increases as communities adopt western lifestyles and
become urbanized. With the projected increase in the proportion of the
world's population that is urban from 45% to 59% in 2025, there is
likely to be a marked increase in the number of asthmatics worldwide
over the next two decades. It is estimated that there may be an
additional 100 million persons with asthma by 2025. In many areas of
the world persons with asthma do not have access to basic asthma
medications or medical care. The prevalence of clinical asthma for
selected countries was reported as follows: England, 15.3%; Brazil,
11.4%; U.S., 10.9%; Germany, 6.9%; France, 6.8%; Japan, 6.7%; Hong Kong,
6.2%; Singapore, 4.9%; Portugal, 4.8%; Italy, 4.5%; India, 3.0%;
Russia, 2.2%; China, 2.1%; Greece, 1.9%. The true prevalence of asthma
is difficult to determine due to the lack of a single objective
diagnostic test, different methods of classification of the condition,
differing interpretation of symptoms in different countries, as well as
the uncertain influence of increasing public and professional awareness
of asthma. In this report an arbitrary figure of 50% of the prevalence
of "current wheezing" in children (self-reported wheezing in the
previous 12-month period in 13- to 14-year-old children) has been used
as the prevalence of "clinical asthma." (Allergy; V.59; 2004; p469)
WORLDWIDE AND INDIA:
For selected European Community Respiratory Health Survey centers, the
prevalence of asthma attack, use of asthma medicine, nasal allergy, and
diagnosed asthma (respectively) was reported as follows: Mumbai
(India), 2.6%, 2.8%, 10.1%, 3.5%; Goteborg (Sweden), 3.1%, 4.8%, 22.2%,
5.8%; Hamburg (Germany), 3.0%, 3.4%, 23.0%, 4.4%; Cambridge (UK), 5.7%,
6.8%, 29.2%, 8.4%; Paris (France), 4.3%, 3.2%, 30.3%, 5.1%; Barcelona
(Spain), 2.1%, 2.2%, 13.1%, 3.1%; Athens (Greece), 2.4%, 2.2%, 18.4%,
2.9%; Wellington (New Zealand), 8.6%, 9.8%, 36.6%, 11.3%; Melbourne
(Australia), 9.7%, 9.3%, 40.9%, 11.9%; Portland (U.S.), 5.8%, 4.8%,
39.4%, 7.1%; Algiers (Algeria), 2.4%, 2.5%, 9.5%, 3.0%. In one study,
the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) surveillance
tools were applied to a randomly selected sample of Mumbai (formerly
Bombay), India residents in 1992 through 1995. From a metropolitan
population of over 10 million, a 1-in-10 random sample was taken from
electoral rolls in a socially diverse residential district, and asthma
symptoms were examined in adults aged 20 to 44 years. 2313 subjects
were interviewed. The prevalence of diagnosed asthma in in the previous
12 months was reported as follows: all ages (20 to 45 years), 3.5%;
ages 20 to 24 years, 5.3%; ages 25 to 29 years, 3.5%; ages 30 to 34
years, 2.8%; ages 35 to 39 years, 3.2%; ages 40 to 45 years, 4.3%. The
asthma prevalence in this Mumbai sample was 3.5% based on reported
physician diagnosis, but 9% to 12% when symptomatic subjects without
diagnosis were included. These figures exceed the 2.78% prevalence of
asthma in adults aged 30 to 49 years seen in the only other large survey
of asthma in India. (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; V.158; 1998; p547)
WORLDWIDE (BRITTLE
ASTHMA): The term "brittle asthma" was first used in 1977 to describe
patients with asthma who maintained a wide variation in peak expiratory
flow (PEF) despite high doses of inhaled steroids. The present authors
suggest the following classification. Type 1 brittle asthma is
characterized by a maintained wide PEF variability (over 40% diurnal
variation for over 50% of the time over a period of at least 150 days)
despite considerable medical therapy including a dose of inhaled
steroids of at least 1500 mcg of beclomethasone (or equivalent). Type 2
brittle asthma is characterized by sudden acute attacks occurring in
less than 3 hours without an obvious trigger on a background of apparent
normal airway function or well controlled asthma. Little is known
about the incidence or prevalence of brittle asthma, partly because of
the problems with definition. There is no doubt that it is rare but it
is not possible to estimate the prevalence from any of the studies of
"near miss" asthma. The West Midlands Brittle Asthma Register has
identified 76 patients with type 1 or 2 brittle asthma within an
approximate asthma population of 300,000. A conservative estimate of
the numbers not yet identified by the register would be around 150,
giving an overall prevalence for brittle asthma of 0.05% of all
asthmatic patients. The type 1 patients is more likely to be female
(female-to-male ratio, 2.5 to 1), most patients being aged between 18
and 55 years, whereas in patients with type 2 brittle asthma there
appears to be no sex difference. There is little information available
regarding peak flow variability prior to death from asthma in children. (Thorax; V.53; 1998; p315)
WORLDWIDE
(PEDIATRIC POPULATION): The authors describe the results of the
worldwide International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood
(ISAAC) study of the prevalence of symptoms of asthma. Included in this
first worldwide analysis are a total of 155 centers for the 13- to
14-year-old age group and 91 centers for the 6- to 7-year-old age group.
For each center included, the data were received and verified by the
ISAAC International Data Center by June 30, 1996. The data-checking
processes and a detailed report on study design and methods were
completed by November 24, 1997. The first center began its survey in
1991, but most centers undertook the data collection in 1994 and 1995.
Subjects aged 13 to 14 years were selected because they were able to
self-complete the written and video questionnaires. The younger age
group, 6 to 7 years, was chosen as this is the youngest age when
children are usually at school. The recommended sample size was 3000 to
ensure good prevalence estimates for severe asthma. Centers with
limited resources or small populations were included in the prevalence
comparisons, providing that the sample size was at least 1000 per age
group. The requirements for analysis were met by 156 collaborating
centers in 56 countries, with a total of 721,601 participating children.
The prevalence of children aged 13 to 14 years whose sleep had been
disturbed by wheezing during the last 12 months and the prevalence of
those who had ever had asthma, respectively, were reported as follows by
region: global total, 1.7%, 11.3%; Africa, 3.1%, 10.2%; Asia-Pacific,
0.6%, 9.4%; Eastern Mediterranean, 2.6%, 10.7%; Latin America, 2.6%,
13.4%; North America, 3.4%, 16.5%; Northern and Eastern Europe, 0.6%,
4.4%; Oceania, 3.1%, 25.9%; South-east Asia, 1.1%, 4.5%; Western Europe,
1.7%, 13.0%. The corresponding prevalence figures for children aged 6
to 7 years were reported as follows: global total, 1.8%, 10.2%;
Asia-Pacific, 0.7%, 10.7%; Eastern Mediterranean, 3.8%, 12.4%; North
America, 2.2%, 14.7%; Northern and Eastern Europe, 1.1%, 3.2%; Oceania,
3.2%, 26.8%; South-east Asia, 1.2%, 3.7%; Western Europe, 1.2%, 7.2%. (European Respiratory Journal; V.12; 1998; p315)
WORLDWIDE: If 10% of children and 5% of adults have asthma
(figures that are conservative for western countries but may be
overestimates in some developing countries), the global burden of asthma
is on the order of 130 million people. (The Lancet; V.350 (Suppl II); 10/97; p1)
WORLDWIDE: In a 1993 Danish cross-sectional study of 851
unselected schoolchildren aged 6 to 17 years from a rural area the point
prevalence of asthma diagnosed by a physician was 4%. In addition, at
least 3.2% had symptoms of asthma indicating a point prevalence of 7.2%.
Among the children in North Sweden (1994), most of them 14 years old,
the point prevalence of asthma was 6.8%. A German study (1992) compared
schoolchildren aged 9 to 11 years in Leipzig and Munich. In both
towns, about 7% of the children had demonstrable asthma when examined in
the hospital by use of lung function test and lung provocation test
with cold air hyperventilation. The latest of this kind of study is
from Finland (1996). In a study comprising 2011 children aged 7 to 12
years the point prevalence of asthma was estimated to be 4%. Studies
that are solely questionnaire-based report the prevalence of asthma in
schoolchildren in Great Britain to be 10.2% (1989) and 13.6% (1994),
19.5% (1987) in New Zealand, 17.7% (1988) and 21% (1991) in Australia. (Acta Paediatr; V.86; 1997; p1110)
EUROPE: The International Study of Asthma
and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has shown that asthma prevalence is
similar across Western European Mediterranean countries (8.9% to 13.5%),
with the exception of Greece, which has one of the lowest prevalence
rates (3.7%). According to a phase-III ISAAC study conducted in 2002 and
2003, the prevalence of asthma in Spanish children aged 6 to 7 years is
10.7% for boys and 8.2% for girls; in children aged 13 to 14 years, the
respective rates are 9.3% and 9.2%. Data are scarce regarding the
prevalence of asthma in adults, and rates vary greatly from one
geographical area to the next. It is, however, widely accepted that
approximately 5% of the Spanish adult population have asthma. The main
objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of severe
uncontrolled asthma in asthma patients seen at pneumology and
allergology hospital units in Spain. Of 201 specialists approached, 164
agreed to recruit patients. 36,649 asthmatic patients were screened by
the 164 participating hospitals during the 6 months of the study. The
results show a low prevalence of uncontrolled severe persistent asthma
(3.9%). The Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study showed
that just 5.3% of all patients in European countries met all the GINA
criteria for asthma control, while a study conducted by the ESCASE Group
in Spain showed a high number of patients with inadequate asthma
control, with slightly higher figures in winter than in spring (74.4% vs
71%). Another study conducted in Spain reported a similar rate of
uncontrolled asthma (71.6%). These studies, however, included patients
with mild and moderate disease. (Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology; V.21; 2011; p466)
EUROPEAN UNION: As part of the
European Commission's Health Strategy, a Public Health Programme was
adopted for the period 2003-2007. Among other objectives, this aims to
improve information and knowledge for the development of public health
monitoring. This forms the background to the survey results presented
here on “Health in General of European Citizens,” commissioned by the
European Commission's Health and Consumer Protection Directorate
General. Fieldwork was conducted during October-November 2006; the
report was published in September 2007. Survey respondents (age 15 or
older) were asked, “Do you have or have you ever had asthma?” The
frequency of respondents answering “yes” was reported as follows for
selected countries: EU25, 7%; Germany, 5%; Greece, 4%; Spain, 3%;
France, 11%; Italy, 5%; Poland, 5%; Slovakia, 4%; Sweden, 11%; UK, 16%;
Romania, 3%. ("Health in the European Union." http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_publication/eb_health_en.pdf; 9/07; p1)
U.S.,
EUROPE, ASIA-PACIFIC, JAPAN (SEVERITY DISTRIBUTION): The Asthma
Insights and Reality surveys are the first large-scale surveys aimed at
determining international variations in the severity, control, and
management of asthma in children and adults. All surveys used the same
standard protocol. The surveys were conducted in 29 countries in
Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, the United
States, and Japan. Patients with current asthma were identified as
those with asthma diagnosed by a physician and who were currently taking
asthma medication or had asthma attacks and symptoms during the past
year. All participants were interviewed after consenting to participate
in the survey. The symptom questionnaire was based on the American
Thoracic Society questionnaire. Severe persistent asthma was indicated
by the presence of daytime symptoms more than 3 times a day or nighttime
sleep disruption on at least most nights. Moderate persistent asthma
was defined as daytime symptoms more than 2 times per day or nighttime
sleep disruption at least twice a week. Mild persistent asthma was
defined as daytime symptoms at least twice a week or nighttime sleep
disruption at least twice per month. Intermittent asthma was defined as
fewer symptoms than those for mild persistent asthma. A total of
10,939 asthmatic patients (3153 children and 7786 adults) participated
in the 29 countries surveyed. There was a trend for Japanese and
Asian-Pacific asthmatic patients to have less severe disease, whereas
Central and Eastern Europeans reported more severe asthma symptoms. The
distribution of asthma cases by symptom severity (severe, moderate,
mild, and intermittent, respectively) in five regions was reported as
follows: U.S., 19%, 22%, 16%, 43%; Western Europe, 18%, 19%, 19%, 44%;
Asia-Pacific, 11%, 16%, 20%, 53%; Japan, 15%, 19%, 12%, 54%; Central and
Eastern Europe, 32%, 27%, 19%, 22%. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.114; No.1; 7/04; p40)
AFRICA: Looking at about 120 papers from
MEDLINE on asthma in Africa, the present authors found that asthma
research is currently dominated by authors from South Africa, followed
by authors from Nigeria, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, and The Gambia.
Most are case studies, closely followed by cross-sectional studies, and
then case-control studies. There have been very few cohort studies.
Only a few studies use objective measures. Intercountry prevalence data
are limited to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in
Childhood, in which seven African countries participated, including
English-speaking regions (Ethiopia, 9.1%; Kenya, 15.8%; Nigeria, 13.0%;
South Africa, 20.3%) and French-speaking regions (Algeria, 8.7%;
Morocco, 10.4%; Tunisia, 11.9%). Symptom rates are lower than in
industrialized countries, while only South Africa approaches rates found
in the UK. The interpretation of these figures, however, is difficult;
there might be an increase with gross domestic product and
industrialization factors. Rural African regions always showed much
lower asthma prevalence rates than urban areas. People living in rural
grasslands rarely, if ever, suffer from allergic diseases and some do
not even have a term to describe this condition. (PLOS Medicine; V.4; No.2; 2/07; p e72)
LATIN AMERICA: Although asthma
rates are low in many Latin American countries, rates in Brazil, Peru,
and Costa Rica rival those found in developed nations with the highest
prevalence, such as the UK, U.S., Australia, and New Zealand. Asthma
prevalence among schoolchildren in Costa Rica is quite high: 26% of
children have a doctor's diagnosis of asthma and 33% report having had
wheezing in the last 12 months. The rates in Nicaragua are about half
those in Costa Rica, with about 16% having a doctor's diagnosis of
asthma and 15.5% reporting wheezing in the last 12 months. Why asthma
prevalence rates differ so much is not known. (The Lancet; V.361; 5/24/03; p1797)
ASIA: The prevalence of asthma varies
between 2% and 23% in Western countries, whereas in Southeast Asia the
prevalence is between 1% and 13%. Evidence is also accumulating that
the prevalence of asthma is increasing in both Western and Asian
countries. The prevalence of asthma in Melbourne, Australia, increased
from 19% in 1964 to 23% in 1990, whereas in Taiwan it increased from
1.3% in 1974 to 5.8% in 1991. A study was done to determine the
prevalence of and factors associated with asthma in Chinese children
aged 3 to 10 years living in Hong Kong in 1989. The study group
involved 535 subjects, among whom the prevalence of asthma was 6% and
the prevalence of eczema 6.8%. Asthma was reported in 15% of children
with IgE levels greater than 100 IU/mL. The prevalence value obtained
in the present study was similar to that of 6.7% in another Hong Kong
study conducted in 1989 and lower than that study's 9% prevalence for
wheezing. Prevalence of asthma in other countries in the region is as
follows: (1) Japan, 11%; (2) Malaysia, 13.8%; (3) Singapore, 4.8%; (4)
Taiwan, 5.8%. (Acta Paediatr; V.84; 1995; p820)
CANADA: The percentage of the Canadian
population aged 12 and over who reported that they had been diagnosed by
a health professional as having asthma (males versus females) was
reported as follows: 1994-1995, 6.5% (6.2% vs 6.7%); 1996-1997, 7.2%
(6.0% vs 8.4%); 1998-1999, 8.1% (7.2% vs 8.9%); 2000- 2001, 8.4% (6.9%
vs 9.9%). The percentage of a given age group who reported that they
had been diagnosed by a health professional as having asthma in
1994-1995 and 2000-2001, respectively, was reported as follows
(percentages for males versus females in parentheses; figures marked "E"
should be used with caution). 12 to 14 years: 12.4% (13.3%E vs
11.3%E); 12.7% (13.2% vs 12.1%). 15 to 19 years: 11.9% (10.7% vs
13.3%); 12.6% (11.9% vs 13.3%). 20 to 24 years: 8.3% (7.7%E vs 8.9%);
10.9% (8.3% vs 13.7%). 25 to 34 years: 6.9% (6.8% vs 6.9%); 9.0% (7.0%
vs 11.0%). 35 to 44 years: 4.7% (3.9% vs 5.5%); 7.3% (5.8% vs 8.8%).
45 to 54 years: 4.7% (4.3%E vs 5.1%); 6.9% (4.7% vs 9.0%). 55 to 64
years: 4.9% (4.3%E vs 5.5%); 6.9% (4.9% vs 8.9%). 65 to 74 years:
4.9% (5.5%E vs 4.5%E); 7.1% (6.3% vs 7.9%). 75 years and older: 4.5%E
(4.5%E vs 4.5%E); 7.3% (7.9% vs 6.9%). (Statistics Canada; "Persons With Asthma by Age and Sex." http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/health07a.htm; Accessed 11/22/04; p1)
TURKEY: The present study regarding the
adult population forms part of the Prevalence and Risk Factors of
Allergies in Turkey (PARFAIT) study, which was planned to evaluate the
prevalence of and risk factors for asthma and allergic diseases in
Turkey, within a single time period using a standard questionnaire in
all centers, in order to obtain comparable data in different regions of
the country. The questionnaire included questions on the educational
level and social status of subjects and on current (during the previous
year) allergic diseases. The reliability and validity of the
questionnaire had been tested and found to be appropriate in a previous
study. Questionnaires from 14 cities were analyzed. Overall, 30,000
questionnaires were distributed. The response rate was 92.3%. Of the
27,690 questionnaires collected, 25,843 were appropriate for analysis.
The prevalence of asthma was reported as follows in males versus
females: rural areas, 8.5% vs 11.2%; urban areas, 6.2% vs 7.5%. The
prevalence of wheezing was reported as follows in males versus females:
rural areas, 13.5% vs 14.7%; urban areas, 10.8% vs 12.0%. (European Respiratory Journal; V.33; No.4; 2009; p724)
GERMANY:
Generally, the prevalence of atopic diseases is higher in industrial
countries than in Eastern European and developing countries. So far,
studies on prevalence and incidence have mainly covered school children,
and studies in adults are still rare. The aim of the present study was
to estimate the lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and
hay fever in an elderly population aged 50 to 74 years, and to
investigate the relationship between atopic diseases and
sociodemographic factors in adults. The ESTHER study is a prospective
cohort study on new approaches to the prevention and early detection of
chronic diseases among older adults. The study recruited 9961 subjects
who had a general health check by a general practitioner between June
2000 and December 2002, were between ages 50 and 74 years, speak German,
and reside in Saarland, Germany. This analysis is based on information
obtained from the patients' questionnaire. Prevalence rates and odds
ratios (respectively) for self-reported asthma were reported as follows.
Gender: female, 5.4%, 1.0; male, 5.7%, 1.1. Age (years): 50 to 59,
5.6%, 1.0; 60 to 69, 5.5%, 1.0; 70 to 74, 5.3%, 1.0. Duration of school
education: 9 years or fewer, 5.3%, 1.0; 10 to 11 years, 6.7%, 1.3; more
than 11 years, 6.0%, 1.3. Size of place of residence before age 18
years: village, 5.4%, 1.0; small town, 6.1%, 1.1; large city, 5.4%, 1.0.
The age-specific lifetime prevalence of asthma was reported as follows
for females versus males: 50 to 55 years, 6.5% vs 4.9%; 55 to 60 years,
5.9% vs 4.9%; 60 to 65 years, 5.0% vs 4.8%; 65 to 70 years, 5.1% vs
7.7%; 70 to 75 years, 4.6% vs 6.1%. (British Journal of Dermatology; V.156; 2007; p693)
GERMANY: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence
of asthma and to provide an estimate of the cost burden in Germany.
Since there is no national registry, this study estimates the direct and
indirect medical costs and prevalence of asthma in Germany by analyzing
medical claims data, augmented by data from the Federal Office of
Statistics (Statistisches Bundesamt) and the Association of German
Pension Funds. Categories of expenditure for direct costs were
inpatient care (hospital costs), outpatient care and inpatient
rehabilitation. In the hospital sector, patients with asthma as a
leading or primary discharge diagnoses were identified using ICD-9 Code
493. Categories for the estimation of indirect costs considered were
sick benefit, early retirement, and premature death. The tracer
procedure used shows a total prevalence of asthma of 6.34%. The highest
peak of the curve lies in infancy and early childhood, with 25% for
males and about 17% for females. After the age of 4 years a steady
decline in prevalence can be seen. Males have a higher prevalence in
childhood and later in life from age 68 years onward. Females have a
higher prevalence than males from ages of about 17 to 62 years. For
both sexes prevalence rates at ages 16 to 62 years are 3% to 7%. From
age 62 years onward a rise in prevalence in both sexes can be observed,
with the male prevalence exceeding female prevalence. Overall
prevalence in children and young adults (ages 0 to 19 years) is 11.8%
for males and 9.2% for females. (European Respiratory Journal; V.25; No.1; 2005; p47)
GERMANY: The authors examined the relationship between asthma and
current (occurring in the past four weeks) and lifetime mental
disorders. The sample of this core survey was drawn from the population
registries of subjects aged 18 to 79 years living in Germany in 1997.
It represents a stratified random sample from 113 communities throughout
Germany with 130 sampling units. The prevalence of asthma was 2.7%
(current) and 5.74% (lifetime), which is consistent with prevalence
estimates from other western countries. (Archives of General Psychiatry; V.60; 11/03; p1125)
ITALY (PEDIATRIC
POPULATION): The Italian Studies of Respiratory Diseases in Childhood
and the Environment project, part of the worldwide International Study
of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, was designed specifically to
evaluate changes over time in the prevalence of wheezing, allergic
rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema symptoms among 6- to 7-year-old
and 13- to 14-year-old youths in Italy during the period of 1994 to
2002. The surveys were performed in areas of northern and central
Italy, including metropolitan areas (cities with more than 500,000
inhabitants). Each area was required to sample at least 1000 subjects
for each age group. 16,115 and 11,287 children completed questionnaires
in phases I and II, respectively, and 19,723 and 10,267 adolescents
returned completed questionnaires in phases I and II. For children and
adolescents, respectively, the prevalence rate in 1994-1995 versus the
rate in 2002 of selected respiratory and allergic symptoms was reported
as follows: asthma (lifetime), 9.1% vs 9.5%, 9.1% vs 10.4%; severe
asthma (past 12 months), 1.6% vs 1.6%, 2.1% vs 2.3%. (Pediatrics; V.117; No.1; 1/06; p34)
ITALY:
According to Italy's ISTAT (Instituto Nazionale di Statistica), the
1999-2000 rate (per hundred) of people reporting asthma was 3.1 (males,
3.1; females, 3.1). (Instituto
Nazionale di Statistica; "Health Status."
http://www.istat.it/Banche-dat/Indicatori/01/tavoleeng.html; Accessed
4/22/04; p1)
ITALY: The present study evaluated, using a repeated survey
approach, whether any significant variation in the prevalence of asthma,
asthma-like symptoms, and allergic rhinitis had occurred in the adult
population of northern Italy during the 1990s. The survey was performed
in 3 centers of northern Italy, Turin, Pavia, and Verona, located in
the plain of the Po River and characterized by a temperate climate. The
adjusted prevalence of respiratory symptoms and antiasthmatic treatment
in 1991 to 1993 versus 1998 to 2000, respectively, in the 3 Italian
centers was reported as follows: asthma attacks, 3.6% vs 3.2%; wheezing,
9.8% vs 9.6%; wheeze with breathlessness, 2.8% vs 2.1%; wheezing
without a cold, 6.7% vs 6.5%; chest tightness, 7.9% vs 6.5%; shortness
of breath, 7.0% vs 5.2%. No significant change was observed in the
adjusted prevalence of asthma attacks, which declined slightly from 3.6%
in 1991 to 1993 to 3.2% in 1998 to 2000. The prevalence of asthma
attacks, while decreasing in people older than 26 years from 3.8% to
3.2%, increased slightly from 3.6% to 4.3% in people aged 20 to 26
years. The prevalence of asthma attacks and asthma-like symptoms was
usually higher in urban than in suburban areas; the difference was
significant for asthma attacks. Overall, the percentage of people who
self-reported to be under antiasthmatic treatment increased slightly
from 1.9% to 2.5%, although not significantly. This increase was
observed in suburban areas (from 0.7% to 2.9%) but not in urban areas
(from 2.3% to 2.5%), as denoted by the significant interaction between
site of residence and time of survey. The increase in treatment was
substantial in people aged 20 to 26 years (from 2.0% to 3.8%) and only
moderate in older age classes (from 2.0% to 2.4%), but this difference
in temporal trend was not significant. The proportion of people free
from asthma attacks increased among subjects currently taking medicines
for asthma in all centers from 21.8% in 1991-1993, to 31.8% in
1998-2000. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.111; No.6; 6/03; p1232)
ENGLAND: This
study of national trends in the epidemiology of asthma was commissioned
by the Chief Medical Officer for England because of growing concern
about the high prevalence, disease burden and healthcare costs. Version
10 of the QRESEARCH database was used for these analyses. This database
contains broadly representative anonymized aggregated health data
derived from 422 primary care practices throughout England. Data were
available for each year during the period 1 January 2001–31 December
2005; these data comprise between 2.8 and 3 million individual patients
who collectively contributed over 30 million patient-years of
observation. Patients were characterized by gender and age. Incidence
was defined as the number of patients with a new case of asthma
diagnosed in a specific year. Lifetime prevalence was defined as the
number of people with asthma ever recorded on at least one occasion in
the general practice (GP) records. Asthma was defined as patients who
have Read codes H33 and below. The age- and sex-standardized lifetime
prevalence of asthma per 1000 patients was reported as follows: 2001,
100.5; 2002, 104.8; 2003, 108.5; 2004, 111.9; 2005, 113.0. The relative
percentage change in incidence rate from 2001 to 2005 was reported as
follows: women, 13.8%; men, 25.8%; ages 0-4 years, -34.3%; ages 5-14
years, -4.4%; ages 15-44 years, 23.3%; ages 45-64 years, 27.7%; ages 65
and older, 21.5%. Over the study period, the recorded lifetime
prevalence of asthma increased. Significant decreases in lifetime
prevalence over time were found in pre-school and school-aged children.
Significant increases occurred in all other age groups. DISCUSSION: This
large national study reveals that the rate of new diagnoses of asthma
appears to have passed its peak. However, the number of adults with a
lifetime asthma diagnosis continues to rise. The authors estimated that
261,400 of 50 million people in England were newly diagnosed with asthma
in 2005. They estimated that 5,658,900 had a GP recorded diagnosis of
asthma, this translating into approximately 1 person in 9 being
diagnosed with asthma at some point in their lives. An estimated
3,257,000 people with asthma were prescribed an asthma-related drug. An
estimated total of 32,577,300 asthma-related prescriptions were issued
to patients in England in 2005. (Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; V.103; 2010; p98)
UNITED
KINGDOM: According to QRESEARCH, an estimated 5.7 million people in
England are affected by asthma. The prevalence of asthma symptoms in
13- to 14-year-olds was higher, at 24.7%, but the incidence within this
age group had actually decreased from 31%. A consultant respiratory
pediatrician from the Royal Brompton Hospital suggested that the
prevalence of asthma had probably reached a plateau or was possibly even
falling. There has been a steady decline in child hospital admissions
since 1990, and asthma-related deaths in childhood remain uncommon. The
allergy burden is unclear: there are a lot of other conditions that
are probably not allergic that make people wheeze. It is estimated that
around 5.7 million people in England suffer from asthma, and asthma and
allergy are so closely interlinked that the majority of asthma cases
are caused by an allergic mechanism. Asthma UK reported that 90% of
people with asthma say their symptoms are triggered by dust and 79% say
their symptoms are triggered by pollen. (Science
and Technology Committee; "Allergy."
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldsctech/166/166i.pdf;
Accessed 7/14/08; p1)
UNITED KINGDOM: The aim of this paper is to provide a succinct
update of trends in available national-level data on asthma in the UK
over the past 50 years (1955 to 2004). Data were derived from a variety
of sources chosen for the reliability of their estimates over time.
They comprised routine prescribing, admissions and mortality data,
large-scale general practitioner databases, national survey series, and
local ad hoc surveys of asthma diagnosis and symptoms. The sources of
data described in this review do not provide a complete picture of
trends in morbidity and use of health services for asthma. In
particular, there aren't adequate data on morbidity in adults, nor are
there data on the use of emergency or outpatient departments.
Nevertheless, a number of conclusions may be drawn. Trends in the
prevalence of childhood asthma generally indicate an increase in asthma
symptoms of all grades of severity from the 1960s, when the earliest
surveys were done. There is some evidence that trends flattened or even
began to fall in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Evidence for adults
is sparse and conflicting, but national surveys suggest that little
change has occurred in recent years. There has been an upward trend in a
lifetime diagnosis of asthma and in the proportion of currently
wheezing children diagnosed as having asthma. Hospital admissions
increased until the late 1980s and have been declining since. The rise
and fall in hospital admissions was highest in younger age groups but
affected all age groups around the same period, indicating that any
important cohort effect was unlikely. The incidence of asthma episodes
presenting to general practitioners rose in all ages to a plateau in the
mid-1990s and has declined since. The prevalence of treated asthma in
general practice rose and then flattened out during the 1990s, while at
the same time incident asthma in general practice remained steady.
(DISCUSSION) The subsequent decline in the incidence of severe asthma
indicated by trends in both hospital and general practitioner data,
during a time when the prevalence of treated asthma in general practice
has remained fairly stable, is consistent with the greater penetration
and effective use of inhaled corticosteroids. The recent fall in
prevalence of moderate to severe asthma in 13- to 14-year-old children
is also consistent with this, although it would not explain the
concomitant fall in mild symptoms. (Thorax; V.62; 2007; p85)
ENGLAND: The 2001 Health Survey for England was designed to
provide a representative sample of the population of all ages living in
private households in England. Interviews were obtained with 15,647
adults (aged 16 and over) and 3993 children (aged under 16) resident in
9373 households. Interviews were carried out in 74% of the eligible
households and the estimated response rate was 67%. The present report
deals only with adults aged 16 and over. Overall, 35% of men and 32% of
women had a history of wheezing. The prevalence of wheezing over the
last 12 months was 21% for men and 20% for women. Wheezing symptoms
were more common among older age groups for men but no consistent age
pattern was evident among women. The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed
asthma was estimated as follows in men versus women: ages 16 to 24
years, 23% vs 25%; ages 25 to 34 years, 15% vs 20%; ages 35 to 44 years,
12% vs 16%; ages 45 to 54 years, 10% vs 13%; ages 55 to 64 years, 14%
vs 14%; ages 65 to 74 years, 10% vs 13%; ages 75 and older, 9% vs 12%.
The lifetime prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was 13% among men and
16% among women. Asthma diagnosis was higher for women across all age
groups and decreased with age for both genders. About 1% of men and
women reported that asthma had been diagnosed in the last 12 months.
The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was higher in 2001 than
1995-1996, for both men and women. Increases for men were from 11% to
13%, and for women from 12% to 16%. The differences were systematic and
consistent across age groups. Increases in the prevalence of
doctor-diagnosed asthma were particularly pronounced among men aged 16
to 24 and women aged 16 to 34. Among men, differences were
statistically significant for the age groups 16 to 24 years, 25 to 34
years, 45 to 54 years, and 55 to 64 years. Among women, differences
were statistically significant for the age groups 16 to 24 years, 25 to
34 years, 35 to 44 years, 55 to 64 years, and 75 years and older. (Bajekal
M et al; "HSE 2001---Respiratory Symptoms, Atopic Conditions and Lung
Function."
http://www.official-documents.co.uk/documents/deps/doh/survey01/rsac/rsac.htm;
Accessed 7/28/04; p1)
UNITED KINGDOM: The authors conducted a survey over a
representative cross-section of the UK population which looked at the
prevalence of the main types of allergic disease. The survey was based
on a representative sample of 2000 adults (male and female) aged 16
years or more. The current estimate of the prevalence of asthma for the
general UK population is about 6%. Surveys focus on particular groups,
e.g., studies of children report the prevalence of asthma to be higher
(13.1% and 21%) compared with upper estimates for adults (8.4% and 12%).
The estimate from the current survey (12%) is higher than clinical
estimates, however, if an average is taken over all the recent studies
performed in the UK; ignoring the demographic nature of the sample, a
figure of about 11.6% is obtained. This is consistent with the results
reported here. Recent estimates for asthma prevalence in other regions
and demographic samples range from 2.5% to 18% of the measured
population, indicating a variation in the scale of the problem
worldwide. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; V.83; 9/99; p240)
UNITED KINGDOM: A 1995 UK study reported variations in the
prevalence of asthma in children in England, Wales and Scotland. Pupils
of 93 large mixed secondary schools (ages 12 to 14 years)
self-completed 27,507 questionnaires (85.9% response rate). The
prevalence of selected clinical variables was reported as follows:
asthma symptoms, 33.3% (for wheezing in the past twelve months); ever
having had a diagnosis of asthma, 20.9%; current use of an inhaler,
15.8%. In the 1991 ISAAC pilot study in children aged 13 to 14 in west
Sussex, the prevalence of wheezing in the previous twelve months was
29%. (BMJ; V.316; 1/10/98; p118)
SPAIN: This study forms part of the
European Community Respiratory Health survey (ECRHS). From March 1992
to April 1993, subjects were invited to attend a center in each of five
cities in Spain. Overall, 2646 individuals responded to the ECRHS
respiratory questionnaire and 1797 individuals completed a bronchial
responsiveness challenge. For individuals aged 15 years or under, the
prevalence is shown for current asthma versus past asthma, as follows:
Female sex (1.3% vs 3.0%), parental asthma (6.9% vs 4.7%), indoor atopy
(4.2% vs 7.1%), outdoor atopy (2.4% vs 4.0%), both indoor and outdoor
atopy (9.3% vs 16.4%), having 1-2 older siblings (2.2% vs 1.3%), having 0
older siblings (1.9% vs 1.8%), lower respiratory infection (LRI) before
the age of 5 years (11.1% vs 25.5%), exposure to any animal (1.9% vs
3.5%). For individuals aged older than 15 years the prevalence is shown
for current asthma versus past asthma, as follows: Female sex (5.1% vs
3.2%), parental asthma (6.4% vs 7.4%), indoor atopy (4.9% vs 3.7%),
outdoor atopy (8.3% vs 6.2%), both indoor and outdoor atopy (17.2% vs
4.3%), having 1-2 older siblings (1.5% vs 1.1%), having 0 older siblings
(1.8% vs 1.0%), LRI before the age of 5 years (6.2% vs 0.9%), exposure
to any animal (3.2% vs 2.6%). (Eur Respir J; V.10; 1997; p2490)
SWITZERLAND: Precise epidemiologic
data for the prevalence of childhood asthma were lacking for Switzerland
until, in 1990, a stratified cluster sampling of school children was
performed. In children age 7, 12, and 15 years in Switzerland the
prevalence of any asthma symptom during the previous 12 months was
17.5%, while only 4.8% of the children reported the diagnostic label
"asthma." The 12-month prevalence of chronic night cough was 12%
(comparable to other European data). Wheeze (5.9%) was reported less
often in Switzerland than in England. (Pediatr Pulmonol; V.19; 1995; p161)
FINLAND: A
prospective cohort study from Finland examined the prevalence of asthma
in the Finnish Twin Cohort. The age-standardized prevalence of asthma
in 1975 was 2.0% among men and 2.2% among women, and there were no
significant differences between singletons and twins. The 1981 rates
were quite similar (2.1% and 2.3% for men and women). In 1990, there
was some increase for both sexes, with rates of 2.9% for men and 3.5%
for women. (Chest; V.115; No.4; 4/99; p928)
FINLAND: There are few extensive epidemiological population
studies on the incidence and prevalence of asthma in Finland. About
150,000 Finns, or 3% of the population, have been diagnosed as
asthmatics. A similar percentage of the population is on drug therapy
or receives social security because of asthma. Depending on the
methodology, study material and definition of asthma, the prevalence
rate may be up to 5% or 250,000 individuals. The age distribution of
the asthmatic population is as follows: below 15 years of age, 12%;
ages 15-44, 29%; ages 45-64, 32%; over 65 years of age, 27%. (Clinical and Experimental Allergy; V.26 (Suppl 1); 1996; p1)
ITALY: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of
diagnosed and undiagnosed current asthma in the general adult population
(20-44 years old) using the data from the Italian Study on Asthma in
Young Adults (ISAYA). ISAYA is a cross-sectional survey on respiratory
health in the general Italian population, carried out between 1998 and
2000 in 9 centers. Each center selected an up-to-date sampling frame of
the residents in the target area, from which a random sample of about
3000 subjects aged 20-44 years (men/women ratio = 1) was chosen. Out of
the 18,873 responders to the ISAYA screening questionnaire, 18,647
subjects provided complete information on the presence of asthma during
their lifetime (with or without a physician diagnosis), respiratory
symptoms, and use of anti-asthmatic drugs in the past 12 months. Among
these individuals, some were classified as having "asthma attacks and/or
use of anti-asthmatic drugs in the past 12 months without a diagnosis
of asthma" (ADWD). In Italy, the overall prevalence of current asthma
and respiratory symptoms was 19.1% among young adults (20-44 years old).
In particular, the prevalence of physician-diagnosed current asthma was
4.9%, while that of ADWD was 1.5%. The prevalence of current
respiratory symptoms was as follows: nocturnal chest tightness AND
shortness of breath, 1.3%; nocturnal chest tightness OR shortness of
breath, 6.4%; wheezing only, 5.0%. When the subjects with ADWD are
considered asthmatics, the prevalence of current asthma among young
Italian adults from the general population increases from 4.9% to 6.4%,
and therefore, 23.6% of the asthmatic patients are likely to be
undiagnosed. (International Archives of Allergy and Immunology; V.155; 2011; p403)
CHINA: In 1990 and 2000, two national
surveys were conducted in China showing that the prevalence of asthma
among children 0-14 years old was 1% and 1.97%, respectively, suggesting
an increasing trend of asthma. These studies implied that
socio-environmental changes might directly or indirectly affect the
prevalence rates of asthma and allergies. However, few data are
available on the national pattern of prevalence and associated risk
factors of childhood allergies in China. A cross-sectional survey was
undertaken among children aged 6-13 years old in 8 Chinese cities during
November and December 2005, using a cluster-stratified sampling method.
Of 23,791 children from 6 grades of the chosen schools, 22,018
(response rate 92.5%) participated in the survey and returned completed
questionnaires. The questions regarding asthma, allergic rhinitis and
eczema were: "Has the child had asthma in the past 12 months?" (yes or
no), "Has the child had allergic rhinitis in the past 12 months?" (yes
or no) and "Has the child had eczema in the past 12 months?" (yes or
no). The mean age of the sample was 9.18 years, with 10,366 male
students (49.6%) and 10,548 female students (50.4%). Of the 22,018
children, the vast majority (20,719, or 94.1%) came from the Han ethnic
group, with the other children (1299, or 5.9%) from other ethnic
minorities. The average prevalence of asthma across eight cities was
3.3%. There were statistically significant differences in the
prevalences of asthma and allergic rhinitis among the 8 cities. (BMC Public Health; V.11; 2011; p437)
CHINA (PEDIATRIC
POPULATION): This study determined the prevalence rates of rhinitis in
children from three major cities in China, to provide baseline
information for clinicians and health policymakers. The present study
was conducted in Beijing, Chongqing and Guangzhou, three large cities
located in different regions of China. Beijing is in the northern part
of the country, and has a relatively low average humidity. Chongqing
lies in Southwest China, in a region of high humidity. Guangzhou is in
the south of China, and has a subtropical climate. In each city, two
urban districts were randomly selected, and 3–5 schools and
kindergartens were chosen at random in each selected district, depending
on the population of the city. All children aged 0-14 years in selected
schools and kindergartens took part in the survey. A total of 24,290
children were randomly selected, of whom 10,372 were from Beijing, 9846
from Chongqing, and 4072 from Guangzhou. An International Study of
Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) group questionnaire, a
standardized epidemiologic tool used to compare the prevalence of
allergic diseases in different regions, was utilized in the survey.
Asthma, rhinitis, and eczema were considered present if "yes" responses
were given to the question: "Has your child ever had asthma, rhinitis,
or eczema?" All parents who replied in the affirmative offered details
on the ailments suffered by their child. Overall, 24,290 children aged
0-14 years took part in the survey. The response rates in Beijing,
Chongqing, and Guangzhou were 98.60%, 97.21%, and 90.90%, respectively.
The prevalence of asthma was reported as follows in Beijing, Chongqing,
and Guangzhou, respectively: ages 0-1 years, 0.55%, 0%, 0%; ages 1-2
years, 1.76%, 0%, 3.73%; ages 2-3 years, 4.47%, 11.26%, 4.07%; ages 3-4
years, 4.33%, 9.70%, 2.18%; ages 4-5 years, 5.00%, 12.29%, 3.92%; ages
5-6 years, 4.86%, 8.30%, 3.32%; ages 6-7 years, 3.93%, 8.57%, 2.09%;
ages 7-8 years, 3.70%, 9.35%, 2.62%; ages 8-9 years, 4.46%, 8.14%,
2.88%; ages 9-10 years, 3.76%, 6.15%, 0.95%; ages 10-11 years, 3.51%,
4.80%, 0.92%; ages 11-12 years, 1.08%, 4.66%, 1.01%; ages 12-13 years,
1.72%, 4.42%, 0.93%; ages 13-14 years, 1.48%, 3.83%, 0.98%; total,
3.15%, 7.45%, 2.55%. The prevalence of asthma in Chongqing (7.45%) was
significantly higher than the rates in Beijing and Guangzhou (3.15% and
2.55%, respectively). Overall, 68.50%, 56.54%, and 68.24% of surveyed
asthmatic children in Beijing, Chongqing, and Guangzhou, respectively,
had demonstrated asthmatic symptoms (wheezing, cough, or both) within
the 12 months prior to the survey, but the prevalence rates of such
symptoms in these 12 months did not parallel the prevalence of asthma.
DISCUSSION: The authors found that the prevalence rates of rhinitis were
significantly higher than in previous surveys, and that the gap that
previously existed in the prevalence of allergic diseases between China
and Western countries is gradually narrowing. Environmental and
lifestyle changes may have contributed to this trend. Further studies
are necessary to discern the precise reasons explaining the observed
trend. The authors also found that the prevalence rates of allergic
diseases were relatively high in very young children. (BMC Public Health; V.10; 2010; p551)
INDIA: It is estimated that there were roughly 25 million cases of
asthma in India in 2001, which may increase by nearly 50% by 2016. ("Disease
Burden in India: Estimations and Causal Analysis."
http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Commision_on_Macroeconomic_and_Health_Bg_P2_Burden_of_Disease_Estimations_and_Casual_analysis.pdf;
Accessed 3/29/11; p1)
INDIA: Epidemiological data on asthma from India in the past were
rather limited. A good deal of information is now available, however,
especially with reference to prevalence of asthma. Prevalence figures
of 1.76% in 15,805 urban subjects of all ages at Patna and 1.8% among
beneficiaries of the Central Health Scheme of Delhi were reported in the
1960s. Most subsequent studies have been conducted in the last decade.
One of the important global efforts, the International Study of Asthma
and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), included India as one of 56
countries under its ambit. The ISAAC study included children aged 13 to
14 years and 6 to 7 years from 14 centers from India. The methodology
employed in the study consisted of a single page questionnaire meant for
self-reporting of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and
atopic eczema. The overall total Indian prevalence of "ever asthma"
determined by written questionnaire was reported as 3.7% of 30,043 and
4.5% of 37,171 children in the 6- to 7-year and 13- to 14-year age
groups, respectively. A very high prevalence of 14.4% and 12.4% was
reported from one center (Kottayam, Kerala) in South India while all
other centers reported prevalences between 1.3%-3.8% and 2.4%-6.5%,
respectively, in the two age groups. A few other studies conducted
independently among either school children or in the field have reported
variable prevalences. The number of epidemiological studies in adults
is even lower. Asthma prevalence in Mumbai was reported as 3.5% by
physician diagnosis with the use of the European Community Respiratory
Health Survey (ECRHS) methodology. The present authors used a validated
Hindi adaptation of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and
Lung Disease (IUATLD)-1984 questionnaire and rigid criteria for
definition of asthma. They reported "true" prevalences, calculated with
the help of an index derived from the sensitivity and specificity of
the questionnaire, as 4% and 1.3% in men and women, respectively. The
most authentic data on asthma prevalence in adults have now become
available from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) study
conducted simultaneously at four different centers in the country with
the help of the above-mentioned questionnaire and methodology on 73,605
individuals aged 15 years or over. The overall presence of "ever
asthma" was diagnosed in 2.4% of individuals while one or more
respiratory symptoms were present in 4.3% to 10.5% of subjects. (Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine; V.13; 2007; p8)
INDIA: There is very limited data on asthma epidemiology from the
developing world, including India. The overall burden of asthma in
India is estimated at more than 15 million patients. However, India is a
vast country with immense geographical, economical, racial, religious,
and socio-political diversity. There are obvious differences in
prevalence of disease and approach to management of health problems.
The authors have adapted a questionnaire to assist in field diagnosis of
asthma for epidemiological purposes and have estimated prevalence of
disease in the local population, both in children and adults.
Prevalence of asthma in adults age 15 and older was studied in different
parts of the country with a multicentric design using uniform
methodology. The questionnaire envisaged for use in this study had two
components. The first part was aimed at collecting information on
respiratory symptoms and establishing a diagnosis of asthma based on
this data. The second component was aimed at collecting information on
possible demographic and environmental exposure factors influencing the
prevalence of asthma. Data from a total of 73,605 respondents were
included in the final analysis. There were 37,682 (52%) men and 35,923
(48%) women. While about half of the subjects were aged between 15 and
34 years, about 10% of individuals were aged 65 years or more at each
center. As per the definition used in the survey, asthma was present in
2.28%, 1.69%, 2.05%, and 3.47% of respondents, respectively, at
Chandigarh, Delhi, Kanpur, and Bangalore, with an overall prevalence of
2.38% (men, 2.21%; women, 2.56%). Overall prevalence was reported as
2.55% in urban areas (men, 2.29%; women, 2.81%) and 2.18% in rural areas
(men, 2.12%; women, 2.24%). Prevalence was relatively higher among
female respondents of urban areas at Delhi, Chandigarh, and Bangalore.
(DISCUSSION) There is very limited information on prevalence of asthma
among adults in India. Nevertheless, the present estimates are close to
the figure of 2.78% reported three decades ago in a middle-aged urban
population. These results are also similar to the asthma prevalence
(3.5%) reported in Mumbai more recently using a "clinician diagnosis"
based on the European Community Respiratory Health Survey protocol. As
stressed earlier, the largest obstacle in comparing prevalence estimates
across two or more fields studies relates to methodological differences
in study design, disease definition, and data analysis. Another
important finding from the data is that the study population at
Bangalore had a higher prevalence of asthma as compared to the other
three north Indian cities, even after adjustment of other risk factors
associated with asthma. While this data is insufficient to draw any
definite conclusions regarding north-south differences in asthma
prevalence in India, it certainly opens new areas for looking into
ethnic variations in disease prevalence, severity, and morbidity in this
country with such great heterogeneity. (Indian Journal of Chest Disease and Allied Sciences; V.48; 2006; p13)
KOREA: Recently, several large-scale
studies of different populations in Korea have reported asthma
prevalence ranging from 2% to 13%. These differences are probably
ascribable to different case definitions, methodologies, and a tendency
to survey children rather than adults due to the relative ease of
implementing studies in a school environment. According to the latest
summary issued by the global burden of asthma by the Global Initiative
for Asthma (GINA) program, the prevalence of clinical asthma in Korea is
estimated to be 3.9%. The prevalence of asthma tended to be higher in
children than in adults and was found to depend significantly on their
place of residence, for example, it was found to be higher in Seoul than
in provincial cities. According to 1998 data, childhood asthma was
less prevalent in Korea than in other developed countries. However,
among the elderly (aged 65 years or older), its prevalence was found to
be high at 12.7% in 2001, which is about 3 times higher than among
English or U.S. elderly. Although estimates of asthma prevalence in
older age groups differ greatly between countries because of overlapping
diagnoses and poor patient perception of symptoms, this rate is
unexpectedly high. In the elderly, asthma is an important problem
because it is usually underdiagnosed and hence inadequately treated.
Interestingly, Korean adults and children appear to have a later average
age of asthma onset than other Asian populations. This is likely to be
due to the underdiagnosis of early stage asthma by general physicians.
Some investigators have reported that an underdiagnosis rate by general
physicians was 21%. Another contributing factor may be that a high
proportion of Korean people, at least initially, turn to traditional
medicine for medical help, which delays the diagnosis until they are
referred to hospitals or emergency department with severe symptoms.
Finally, racial differences may be a consideration. (Journal of Korean Medical Science; V.21; 2006; p181)
THAILAND: The authors conducted a
nationwide survey of respiratory health in the adult population of
Thailand to determine the prevalence of asthma as well as bronchial
hyperresponsiveness (BHR). The target population was the adult
population in Thailand aged 20 to 44 years. The authors used
established networks of local health officers and health volunteers in
each district to recruit the selected subjects for the survey. Each
subject underwent a questionnaire interview, spirometry and methacholine
challenge testing. Spirometry and bronchoprovocation were performed on
3245 subjects and 3141 subjects, respectively. The prevalence of
current diagnosed asthma was 2.15% (74 of 3443 subjects). The
prevalence of definite asthma was 2.91% (92 of 3163 subjects). The
prevalence of BHR defined as a positive bronchoprovocation result was
3.31% (104 of 3141 subjects). The prevalence of BHR defined as a
positive bronchoprovocation result plus a positive reversibility result
was 3.98% (126 of 3163 subjects). The present nationwide
cross-sectional survey revealed the prevalence of current diagnosed
asthma in 2.15%, definite asthma in 2.91%, and BHR in 3.31% to 3.98% of
the adult Thai population. Compared to western countries and
Australia/New Zealand, the prevalence of asthma in Thailand is much
lower. (Chest; V.129; No.3; 3/06; p602)
SINGAPORE AND BRITAIN: The
International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) was
formed in 1992. In phase 1 of this ISAAC study, standardized written
and video questionnaires were developed. The authors have analyzed the
results of the ISAAC phase 1 written questionnaire survey of
schoolchildren in Singapore. The population consists of Chinese (75%),
Malays (15%), and Indians (10%), so racial differences in the prevalence
and severity of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema were evaluated. The
questionnaire concentrated on past and current wheezing episodes,
wheezing frequency, sleep disturbance and speech limitation during
attacks, exercise induced wheezing, persistent cough unrelated to
respiratory infections, and a doctor's diagnosis of asthma. The authors
studied two age groups of schoolchildren (6 to 7 years and 12 to 15
years). 30 schools from all parts of Singapore were randomly selected,
of which 21 consented to participate. The self-reported prevalence of
doctor-diagnosed asthma was reported as follows: overall, 20.0%; ages 6
to 7 years, 18.5%; ages 12 to 15 years, 20.7%; males, 22.1%; females,
17.5%; Chinese, 19.9%; Malay, 21.3%; Indian, 17.2%. The prevalence of
diagnosed asthma was higher in this population (20.0%) than in a British
study (13.1%). Thus the local prevalence figures probably lie
somewhere between those of the West and developing countries. The
reported cumulative and current prevalence of wheezing in southern China
are reported to be as low as 1.9% and 1.1%. Singaporean Chinese are of
southern Chinese descent, suggesting that geographical differences in
wheezing and asthma prevalence may be influenced more by environment
than genetics. (Archives of Disease in Childhood; V.74; 1996; p131)
SINGAPORE: This study was undertaken
to examine differences in the prevalence of adult asthma among the three
major ethnic populations of Singapore. Over 85% of households (those
within the low to middle income brackets in Singapore) live in modern,
low cost, high rise flats in public housing estates. A stratified
two-stage cluster disproportionate random sample of adults aged between
20 and 74 years was selected. Of 3940 eligible persons between 20 and
74 years, 2868 persons (72.8%) were interviewed. Asthma was defined in a
number of ways in the survey: (a) episodic wheeze; (b) episodic wheeze
and "attacks" of shortness of breath; (c) nocturnal "attacks" of wheeze
or shortness of breath; (d) any of the above symptoms with a physician
diagnosis of asthma ("physician diagnosed asthma") in the absence of
known cardiac disease. The cumulative sex- and age-standardized
prevalence rates of physician-diagnosed asthma by ethnic group were
reported as follows: Chinese, 3.6%; Malay, 6.0%; Indian, 6.6%. Higher
rates of asthma were observed among Malays and Indians than Chinese in
Singapore. This was not explainable by differences in socioeconomic
status or atopy. (Thorax; V.49; 1994; p347)
JAPAN: To determine
the prevalences of asthma and asthma symptoms among Japanese adults,
the authors conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study on the
prevalences of asthma and asthma symptoms using a standardized
questionnaire. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on
subjects aged 20–79 years, covering ten different areas in Japan. Areas
spread throughout the country were randomly selected and included both
urban and suburban areas. This study was conducted from July to October
in 2006, except for Mitake town (Gifu), which was conducted from January
to February in 2007. To evaluate asthma symptoms, the same questions
were asked as in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey
(ECRHS). The subjects who are defined as having current asthma are those
who have both been diagnosed with asthma by a physician and have shown
an active symptom in the last 12 months. Patients who had symptoms in
the past and have remitted were not included. A total of 23,483
participants were included in the analysis. The overall response rate
was 70.6%. To explore the associations of age and gender with the
prevalences of wheeze and current asthma, gender- and age-group-specific
prevalences were calculated. The prevalence of current asthma was
reported as follows in males versus females: ages 20-29, 5.5% vs 4.3%;
ages 30-39, 4.9% vs 6.4%; ages 40-49, 4.3% vs 4.4%; ages 50-59, 2.3% vs
3.5%; ages 60-69, 3.4% vs 3.6%; ages 70-79, 5.2% vs 4.0%. The prevalence
of current wheeze was reported as follows in males versus females: ages
20-29, 10.0% vs 8.1%; ages 30-39, 9.8% vs 9.6%; ages 40-49, 8.7% vs
8.5%; ages 50-59, 10.5% vs 8.7%; ages 60-69, 13.0% vs 9.6%; ages 70-79,
15.7% vs 9.4%. In the age groups of 30–39 and 50–59 years, the
prevalence of current asthma was significantly higher among females than
among males. In the other age groups, no significant difference was
observed in the prevalence of current asthma between genders.
DISCUSSION: This cross-sectional study using the Japanese version of the
ECRHS questionnaire revealed that the prevalences of wheeze and current
asthma among Japanese adults aged 20–79 years were 10.1% and 4.2%, and
standardized prevalences among young adults aged 20–44 years were 9.3%
and 5.3%, respectively. While the prevalences were lower than those in
Western countries, asthma was found to be also relatively common in
Japan. (International Archives of Allergy and Immunology; V.153; 2010; p280)
JAPAN
(PEDIATRIC POPULATION): The present authors conducted and reported the
first (1982; 55,388 subjects), and second (1992; 45,674 subjects)
epidemiological surveys conducted on bronchial asthma (BA) in elementary
students (age 6 to 12 years) across 11 prefectures in western Japan.
They conducted the third survey in 2002 in 35,582 students attending the
same schools in the same regions using the same method and definition
in order to determine the prevalence of BA, wheezing, and other allergic
diseases, including BA remission, and then compared the results with
those of the first and second surveys. A modified Japanese version of
the American Thoracic Society-Division of Lung Diseases (ATS-DLD)
questionnaire was used in all 3 surveys. The definition for diseases was
consistent across all surveys. The prevalence of BA in the three
surveys was reported as follows: first survey, 3.2% (boys, 3.8%; girls,
2.5%); second survey, 4.6% (boys, 5.6%; girls, 3.5%); third survey, 6.5%
(boys, 8.1%; girls, 4.9%). There was a significant increase in all
populations. In the first and second surveys, BA was most prevalent in
urban areas, followed by urban/rural areas, and then rural areas, while
the third survey revealed no difference according to type of area. There
was no difference in BA prevalence according to population density in
the third survey. The BA prevalence in subjects with a past history of
asthmatic bronchitis in the first, second, and third surveys was 34.0%,
34.0%, and 35.8%, respectively, whereas in those without a history of
the disorder, the prevalence was 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.4%, respectively,
indicating a higher prevalence in the population possessing such a
history. In the first survey, 81.3% of subjects with BA had a history of
asthmatic bronchitis, while in the second and third surveys, the number
was 83.0% and 81.3%, respectively. A history of asthmatic bronchitis
was identified in 3.3% of subjects (controls) without BA, wheezing, or
BA remission in the first survey, 4.5% in the second survey, 6.3% in the
third survey. The prevalence of a history of pneumonia and bronchitis
in BA subjects was 9.7%, 9.6%, and 12.7%, respectively, in the first,
second, and third surveys (2.1%, 2.2%, and 3.2%, respectively, for the
control group), while BA subjects with a history of pneumonia and/or
bronchitis was 43.3%, 46.6%, and 48.6%, respectively (13.2%, 16.7%, and
20.4%, respectively, for the control group). The prevalence of a history
of whooping cough in BA subjects was 5.7%, 3.8%, and 2.4%, respectively
(3.7%, 2.7%, and 1.4%, respectively, for the control group).
DISCUSSION: In the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in
Childhood (ISSAC), asthma symptoms slightly increased on average in
ISSAC Phase II (2002) over Phase I (1995) and regions with a low
prevalence of those symptoms in Phase I had a higher prevalence in Phase
II. In addition, English-speaking regions with a high prevalence in
Phase I saw a decline in prevalence in the subsequent phase. Fukuoka
City in Japan participated in ISSAC, and the findings of the studies in
this city showed that the prevalence of asthma symptoms in Phase I and
III was 17.3% and 17.9% for the 6 to 7 year age group and 13.4% and
13.0% for the 13 to 14 year age group. The prevalence of asthma and
atopic eczema therefore showed signs of decline or leveling off.
Prevalence rates of asthma symptoms and severe asthma, respectively,
were reported as follows in the ISAAC study phase I (1995) versus phase
III (2002) (Fukuoka, Japan): 6- to 7-year-olds, 17.3% vs 17.9%, 1.8% vs
1.7%; 13- to 14-year-olds, 13.4% vs 13%, 2.1% vs 1.5%. (Allergology International; V.58; No.1; 2009; p37)
JAPAN (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): A large-scale survey was conducted
to assess contributing factors in atopic disorders in addition to the
prevalence of asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) in children aged four
years and under. 24,631 children aged four and under in 70 towns in
Gunma Prefecture, Japan, were surveyed. Members of prefectural health
centers distributed the self-administered questionnaire with the support
of public health nurses in each local government area. The response
rate was 70.7%. The change in the prevalence of asthma by increasing
age was reported as follows for boys versus girls: age 0, 0.6% vs 0.4%;
age 1, 2.1% vs 1.2%; age 2, 2.8% vs 1.7%; age 3, 6.0% vs 2.5%; total,
2.6% vs 1.3%. Prevalence of asthma increased linearly and significantly
with the increasing age of the patient. The prevalence of asthma in
the cities was 2.9% among boys and 1.2% among girls. The prevalence in
towns or villages was 2.3% among boys and 1.4% among girls. (Journal of Nippon Medical School; V.71; No.3; 2004; p167)
JAPAN: Around 50 years ago, asthmatic patients accounted for
approximately 1% of the population in Japan; this has now risen to more
than 3% in adults and 3% to 5% in school children. A prevalence study
of allergic diseases was undertaken in several health centers and
schools, involving 8288 school children and 10,937 adults. This study
showed the prevalence of asthma to be 6.4% in children and 3.0% in
adults. Another study on 1054 Japanese school children showed a
prevalence of asthma of 5.9%. (Allergy; V.52 (Suppl 38); 1997; p30)
HONG KONG: Subjects were recruited as
part of a population survey of the social and health profile of elderly
Chinese aged 70 years and over. In Hong Kong, the prevalence of asthma
was reported as follows in men vs women: 70 to 79 years, 6.0% vs 4.2%;
80 years or older, 6.2% vs 4.4%; overall, 6.1% vs 4.3%. (Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences; V.53A; No.2; 1998; M102)
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: No
population study has explored the population distribution of adult
asthma in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The objective of the present
study is to estimate asthma prevalence in the general population in UAE.
Using standard European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS)
questionnaires and tools, the present study is a cross-sectional
assessment of a random sample of the population in established quotas of
the seven Emirates in the UAE. The authors surveyed 1220 participants,
of whom 63.2% were male, and 20.1% were UAE Nationals, with a mean age
of 32.9 years. A random sample of the population aged 20-44 years was
contacted and requested to complete a short screening questionnaire on
respiratory symptoms. In a second phase of the study, a 20% random
sub-sample of the sample population and all remaining subjects reporting
respiratory symptoms in the screening questionnaire and not yet
included in the random sub-sample were asked to complete a long
questionnaire and other tests. The frequency of selected symptoms
according to the ECRHS screening questionnaire in all 1220 participants
was reported as follows (ages 19 years or less, ages 20-44 years, and
ages 45 years or older, respectively, in parentheses):
wheezing/whistling, 10.0% (13.1%, 8.1%, 12.1%); attack of asthma, 8.0%
(11.8%, 6.0%, 9.6%); currently taking asthma medications, 8.0% (9.3%,
6.6%, 10.3%). Among participants aged 20-44 years, the frequency of
selected symptoms was reported as follows in males versus females:
wheezing/whistling, 6.8% vs 10.3%; attack of asthma, 4.8% vs 8.0%;
currently taking asthma medications, 5.9% vs 7.6%. Prevalence of
individual respiratory symptoms according to the ECRHS screening
questionnaire in all participants ranged from 8% to 10%, except for
lower for nasal allergies (6.8%). However, when stratified by age band,
it can be seen that in participants younger than 20 years, as well as
those older than 44 years, prevalence of nearly all symptoms are 10% or
higher, while those participants 20-44 years presented lower prevalence
in all symptoms. Overall, there were 184 (15.4%) participants who
fulfilled screening criteria for asthma. The asthmatics were more
frequently male (56.5%), but there were no significant differences by
age in male versus female asthmatics. For consistency with ECRHS
sampling methodology, results are presented for participants who
responded YES to the following three questions: (1) Have you been awoken
by an attack of shortness of breath at any time in the last 12 months?
(2) Have you had an attack of asthma in the last 12 months? (3) Are you
currently taking any medicine (including inhalers, aerosols or tablets)
for asthma? There were 146 (12.1%) participants who fulfilled the ECRHS
asthma definition in all ages. Specifically, the ECRHS asthma prevalence
in 702 participants with 20-44 years was 9.8%, that is, in males 8.6%
and in females 11.8% participating. (BMC Pulmonary Medicine; V.12; 2012; p4)
AUSTRALIA: This study from Australia
estimated the prevalence of selected diagnosed chronic diseases among
patients attending general practice (GP), in the general practice
patient population, and in the Australian population, and compared
population estimates with those of the National Health Survey (NHS).
The study was a survey of patients attending a subsample of GPs
participating in the Bettering the Evaluation And Care of Health (BEACH)
program, a continuous, national cross-sectional study of general
practice activity in Australia. About 1000 randomly selected GPs per
year each record information about encounters with 100 consecutive
consenting patients, providing morbidity and treatment data on about
100,000 encounters annually. In substudies of BEACH, the GP records
information additional to BEACH encounter data, in discussion with the
patient. In this substudy, 305 GPs recorded information on 30 patients
during the periods 12 July to 19 August and 25 October to 28 November
2005. In 2005–2006, 88% of the Australian population visited a
vocationally registered GP at least once, with an average visit
frequency of about 6 visits per person per year. The number of annual
visits increased with age and was higher for female patients than male
patients. The authors assumed that people who did not attend a GP had
none of the listed conditions that required ongoing management.
Estimates of national prevalence were calculated by multiplying the
general practice population rate by 88%. Based on a prevalence of 10.6%
among patients who visited a GP at least once a year, the estimated
prevalence of asthma among the Australian population was reported as
9.3%, compared with an estimate of 10.2% from the 2004-2005 NHS. The GP
prevalence was reported as 6.5%, 3.5%, and 0.6%, respectively, for
mild, moderate, and severe asthma, and the national estimates were
reported as 5.7%, 3.1%, and 0.5%. NHS estimates were not available by
severity level. (Medical Journal of Australia; V.189; No.2; 7/21/08; p66)
EGYPT: The aims of this study are to
determine the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in
schoolchildren in Cairo, Egypt and to investigate the role of
socioeconomic status on prevalence of asthma and allergic
rhinoconjunctivitis. The study population was taken from among 11- to
15-year-old children in the first and second years of preparatory
secondary school in the El Nozha area of Cairo. These schools comprise
state schools, experimental language schools and private schools.
Experimental language schools are fee-paying government schools and are
classified with private schools in the analysis. An adapted version of
the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)
questionnaire was used to measure symptom prevalence. The independent
variable was the school type. Questionnaire delivery was controlled.
Use of the ISAAC video was not within the resources available. A total
of 3,002 children aged 11 to 15 years were eligible to receive a
questionnaire. From these, 2645 (88.1%) completed questionnaires were
received. Overall, the prevalences of wheeze ever, wheeze during the
last year, and physician-diagnosed asthma were 26.5% (697 out of 2631),
14.7% (379 out of 2570), and 9.4% (246 out of 2609), respectively.
Children from state schools had a higher prevalence of severe asthma
symptoms than those in fee-paying schools (13.1% versus 4.9%). The
proportion of individuals with severe asthma symptoms but without a
diagnosis of asthma is higher in state schools than in fee-paying
schools (63.3% of those with severe symptoms versus 29.6%). Severity is
also higher in children whose parents have not had university-level
education. Among 11- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in Cairo, the
overall prevalence of wheezing in the last year was 14.7% and of
physician-diagnosed asthma was 9.4%. This study clearly shows that
allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma symptoms are much more prevalent
among those from poorer backgrounds. Children attending state schools
also showed a higher prevalence of severe asthma symptoms but were much
less likely to have a physician diagnosis of asthma, which points to
discrepancies in access to healthcare. Asthma is relatively common, and
probably underdiagnosed and undertreated, particularly among children
from less wealthy families in Cairo. (European Respiratory Journal; V.28; No.4; 2006; p756)
ISRAEL: One survey determined the point
prevalence of asthma among 17-year-old Israeli males to be 5.0%, with a
cumulative prevalence of 7.9%. When the survey was repeated 4 years
later, the percentages for these variables were 5.9% and 9.6%,
respectively. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.102; No.4; Pt.2; 10/98; pS65)
U.S. (2001-2010): This report
presents recent data for trends in asthma prevalence, health care
encounters, and mortality in the United States. Asthma prevalence (the
percentage of people who have ever been diagnosed with asthma and still
have asthma) increased from 7.3% in 2001 to 8.4% in 2010. In 2010, an
estimated 25.7 million people had asthma: 18.7 million adults aged 18
and over, and 7.0 million children aged 0–17 years. Children aged 0–17
years had higher asthma prevalence (9.5%) than adults aged 18 and over
(7.7%) for the period 2008–2010. Females had higher asthma prevalence
than males (9.2% compared with 7.0%). Among racial groups, persons of
multiple race had the highest asthma prevalence (14.1%), while Asian
persons had the lowest rates (5.2%). Persons of black (11.2%) and
American Indian or Alaska Native (9.4%) races had higher asthma
prevalence compared with white persons (7.7%). Among Hispanic groups,
asthma prevalence was higher among persons of Puerto Rican (16.1%) than
Mexican (5.4%) descent. (NCHS Data Brief; No.94; 5/12; p1)
U.S.:
This Statistical Brief examines changes in asthma medication use and
expenditures among children with reported treatment for asthma from
1997-1998 to 2007-2008 using data from the Household Component of the
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC). MEPS-HC is a nationally
representative longitudinal survey that collects detailed information on
health care utilization and expenditures, health insurance, and health
status, as well as a wide variety of social, demographic, and economic
characteristics for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population.
The authors present results on the treated prevalence of asthma; the use
of controllers, relievers, oral corticosteroids and specific classes of
controller medications; and total and out-of-pocket drug expenditures.
Expenditures for asthma medications for all years are expressed in
constant 2008 U.S. dollars. Overall, the average annual proportion of
children with reported treatment for asthma in the U.S. increased from
4.7% in 1997-1998 to 6.1% in 2007–2008. There were increases in the
treated prevalence of asthma for children ages 5–11 (5.2% to 7.5%) and
ages 12–17 (4.0% to 5.7%). The average annual proportion of children
with reported treatment for asthma who used controllers to treat their
asthma nearly doubled from 29.4% in 1997–1998 to 58.3% in 2007–2008.
During the same period, the average annual proportion using relievers,
but not controllers, fell from 43.8% to 30.4%, and the average annual
proportion using oral corticosteroids decreased from 17.1% to 8.7%.
There were also increases in the use of several specific classes of
controller asthma medications during the period of analysis. The average
annual proportion of children with reported treatment for asthma who
used inhaled corticosteroids increased from 15.5% to 40.3%; the average
annual proportion using inhaled long acting beta-agonists increased from
3.0% to 13.2%; and the average annual proportion using leukotriene
antagonists, rose from 2.9% to 34.1%. The use of non-steroidal
anti-allergy agents declined during the period of analysis from 15.1% to
0.6%. (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; Statistical Brief No.341; 9/11; p1)
U.S.: This Statistical Brief examines controller and reliever use
across groups of children defined by race/ethnicity, sex, income, health
insurance status, and Census region using data from the 2007 and 2008
Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC).
MEPS-HC is a nationally representative longitudinal survey that collects
detailed information on health care utilization and expenditures,
health insurance, and health status, as well as a wide variety of
social, demographic, and economic characteristics for the U.S. civilian
noninstitutionalized population. The present estimates are based on
samples of children younger than 18 years of age with reported treatment
for asthma (ICD-9-CM code 493) during 2007 and 2008. Reported treatment
for asthma denotes the use of any health services such as home health,
inpatient hospital stays, outpatient, office-based, emergency room
visits, and prescribed medicines during the year. About 6.1% of U.S.
children were reported to have received treatment for asthma in
2007–2008. Overall, the average annual proportion of children with
reported treatment for asthma who used the major classes of asthma
medications in 2007–2008 are as follows: 58.3% used controllers, 69.3%
used relievers, and 8.7% used oral corticosteroids to manage their
asthma. During the period 2007-2008, non-Hispanic white/other children
were more likely (66.7%) than either Hispanic children (46.6%) or
non-Hispanic black children (41.5%) to use controllers. Non-Hispanic
white/other children were less likely (23.7%) than non-Hispanic black
children (42.2%) and Hispanic children (41.3%) to use relievers only to
treat their asthma. Among children with reported treatment for asthma,
boys were more likely (61.5%) than girls (53.3%) to use controllers to
treat their asthma in 2007-2008. Among children with reported treatment
for asthma, those in poor/near-poor families (47.1%) and those in low
income families (45.6%) were less likely than those in middle income
families (63.2%) and those in high income families (69.6%) to use
controllers in 2007–2008. Children in poor/near poor families were more
likely (38.8%) than children in middle-income families (28.6%) to use
relievers only to treat their asthma. (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; Statistical Brief No.340; 9/11; p1)
U.S.: This Statistical Brief compares estimates of health
expenditures for children with reported treatment for asthma in
1997-1998 and 2007-2008 using data from the Household Component of the
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC). The estimates are based on a
sample of children (under age 18 years) with reported treatment
associated with asthma (ICD-9-CM code 493) during the year. The average
annual proportion of children reporting treatment for asthma in the U.S.
increased slightly from 4.7% in 1997-1998 to 6.1% in 2007-2008. The
treated prevalence of asthma among children in 1997-1998 versus
2007-2008 was reported as follows: all children, 4.7% vs 6.1%; ages 0-4
years, 4.7% vs 4.7%; ages 5-11 years, 5.2% vs 7.5%; ages 12-17 years,
4.0% vs 5.7%. (Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; Statistical Brief No.332; 7/11; p1)
U.S.
(TRENDS): This report updates U.S. asthma prevalence estimates and
describes trends, disease characteristics, and self-management education
status among persons who have asthma. Data from the 2009 National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used to estimate asthma prevalence
by age, sex, race/ethnicity, income status, and U.S. Bureau of the
Census geographic region. Data from the NHIS 2008 core survey were used
to estimate asthma attack prevalence (the percentage of persons with at
least one asthma attack in the preceding 12 months). Data from the 2001,
2005, and 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
surveys were used to estimate the state-specific asthma prevalence for
adults. During 2001-2009, the proportion of persons of all ages with
asthma in the United States increased significantly (12.3%), from 7.3%
(20.3 million persons) to 8.2% (24.6 million persons). A rising trend in
asthma prevalence was observed across all demographic groups studied.
Prevalence increased significantly during 2001-2009 for children (8.7%
to 9.6%), adults (6.9% to 7.7%), males (6.3% to 7.1%), females (8.3% to
9.2%), whites (7.2% to 7.8%), blacks (8.4% to 10.8%), and Hispanics
(5.8% to 6.4%). Significant differences in prevalence by age, sex, and
race/ethnicity persisted over the observed period. In examining
subgroups, a rising trend in asthma prevalence was observed for
non-Hispanic black children (11.4% to 17.0%), non-Hispanic white women
(8.9% to 10.1%), and non-Hispanic black men (4.7% to 6.4%). In 2009,
asthma prevalence was greater among children than adults (9.6% versus
7.7%), and was especially high among boys (11.3%) and non-Hispanic black
children (17.0%). Prevalence among adults was greatest for women (9.7%)
and adults who were poor (10.6%). In 2008, at least one-half (52.6%) of
persons who had asthma reported having had an asthma attack in the
preceding 12 months. A greater proportion of children were reported to
have had an asthma attack than adults (57.2% versus 50.7%) in the
preceding 12 months. A greater proportion of persons who had asthma
reported being in fair or poor health (21.8%) than those who did not
have asthma (9.3%). A greater proportion of persons who had an asthma
attack reported being in fair or poor health (24.8%) than those who did
not have an attack (17.9%). (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.60; 5/11; p547)
U.S. (BY GENDER): In general, the
lifetime likelihood of developing asthma is about 10.5% greater in women
than in men. When examined at specific time points, asthma is more
common and more severe in prepubertal boys, with boys less than 18 years
of age having a 54% higher rate of asthma than girls of the same age.
However, the prevalence of asthma and its severity increases
significantly in women after puberty, with asthma becoming more common
in women by age 20 in the United States. As an example, 2009 estimates
from the National Health Interview Survey in the United States
demonstrate a prevalence of asthma in those younger than 15 years of age
of 11.9% in boys and 7.7% in girls. In young adults aged 15–34 years,
the pattern shifts, with a prevalence of 6.3% in men and 9.6% in women.
The difference continues to widen in adults older than 35 years with a
prevalence of 5.6% versus 10.1% in men and women, respectively. European
studies evaluating the prevalence of asthma by age yield similar
results. However, more recent studies suggest a narrowing of the gap in
asthma prevalence during childhood. After menopause, the difference in
asthma prevalence between men and women seems to narrow but does not
disappear. (Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine; V.17; 2011; p6)
U.S.: The annual prevalence of adult asthma in this study was only
4.2% compared with 7.3% estimated by the U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Surveys such as MEPS and the National Health
Interview Survey are based on self-report and hence might be subject to
misclassification bias. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.127; 2/11; p363)
U.S.: Estimates in this study for asthma prevalence, school and
work absences, and asthma control measures are based on data from the
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). NHIS serves as a principal
source of health information for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized
population. In 2008, an asthma supplement ascertained aspects of disease
control and asthma-specific absences from school and work
(questionnaires for 2008 and other years can be viewed at:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/nhis_questionnaires.htm). Ambulatory visit
numbers and rates were estimated using data from the National Ambulatory
Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and the National Hospital Ambulatory
Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Data for asthma hospitalization numbers
and rates were obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Survey
(NHDS). Asthma death data were obtained from the National Vital
Statistics System (NVSS). Total current asthma prevalence in 2009 was
8.2% and was reported as follows for selected variables: male, 7.0%;
female, 9.3%; ages 0-17 years, 9.6%; ages 18 and older, 7.7%; white,
7.8%; black, 11.1%; American Indian or Alaska Native, 8.8%; Asian, 5.3%;
Non-Hispanic white, 8.2%; Non-Hispanic black, 11.1%; Total Hispanic,
6.3%; Puerto Rican, 16.6%; Mexican, 4.9%; below poverty, 11.6%; 100% to
less than 200% poverty, 8.5%; 200% poverty and above, 7.3%;
metropolitan, 8.1%; nonmetropolitan, 8.7%; northeast, 9.3%; midwest,
8.8%; south, 7.5%; west, 7.7%. The current asthma period prevalence was
reported as follows for selected years: 2001, 7.4%; 2002, 7.2%; 2003,
7.0%; 2004, 7.1%; 2005, 7.6%; 2006, 7.8%; 2007, 7.7%; 2008, 7.8%; 2009,
8.2%. In 2009, current asthma prevalence was 8.2%, affecting 24.6
million people in the United States (17.5 million adults and 7.1 million
children aged 0–17 years). Asthma attack prevalence (the proportion of
the population with at least one attack in the previous year) was 4.2%.
That is, 12.8 million people (8.7 million adults and 4.0 million
children aged 0–17 years), or 52% of those with current asthma, had
attacks and were at risk for adverse outcomes such as emergency
department (ED) visits or hospitalization. The most rapid growth in
asthma prevalence occurred from 1980 to 1996, when asthma period
prevalence grew from 3.5% to 5.5%, an annual percentage increase of
3.8%. In 1997, survey measures changed to capture more detailed aspects
of asthma prevalence, and estimates before and after the change cannot
be directly compared. The measure most comparable to the pre-1997 asthma
period prevalence estimate is current asthma prevalence, which had
remained stable (at 7.4%) since it first became available in 2001 but
recently began increasing so that overall, the annual percentage
increase from 2001 to 2009 was 1.2%. Asthma attack prevalence remained
level between 3.9% and 4.3% during 1997–2009. Overall, females have
higher current asthma prevalence than males, although among children
aged 0–17 years, boys have a higher prevalence (11.3%) than girls
(7.9%). Children have higher current asthma prevalence than adults.
Compared with white persons, prevalence is higher among black and lower
among Asian persons. (National Health Statistics Report; No.32; 1/12/11; p1)
U.S.: In 2008, 7.8% of the U.S. population, or 23.3 million
Americans, suffered from asthma, including 7.0 million children. Asthma
afflicts people of all ages, races, genders, and socioeconomic statuses.
However, it occurs at disproportionately higher rates among some ethnic
and racial populations. According to 2008 NHIS data, asthma prevalence
rates (per 1,000) by race/ethnicity were reported as follows: African
Americans, 105.5; Caucasians, 78.2; Puerto Ricans, 128.3; Cubans/Cuban
Americans, 87.3; Mexican Americans, 68.3; Central or South Americans,
39.1; Dominicans, 38.1; Mexicans, 31.4. African Americans have one of
the highest rates of current asthma compared to other racial/ethnic
groups. In 2008, 105.5 per 1,000 Africans Americans had asthma, 35%
higher than the rate of 78.2 per 1,000 among Caucasians. This disparity
in asthma prevalence rates is evident between African Americans and
Caucasians at all age levels. A survey of children 6 to 12 years of age
from Chicago elementary schools found that African Americans were more
than twice (21.2%) as likely to have been diagnosed with asthma compared
to Caucasians (9.7%). This relationship remained true even when
accounting for a number of factors including school district income
levels, other household members with asthma, type of school, age,
gender, and language preferences. Approximately 2.7 million Hispanic
Americans had asthma in 2008, a rate of 58.1 per 1,000 Hispanics.
Hispanics had lower asthma prevalence rates than both Caucasians (78.2
per 1,000) and African Americans (105.5 per 1,000). Limited data are
available on asthma for Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians/Pacific
Islanders. The 2007 California Health Interview Survey compared asthma
prevalence among Asian American subgroups. They concluded that Filipinos
have the highest rate of ever being diagnosed with asthma (19.2%)
compared to Koreans (5.0%), Vietnamese (11.5%), Chinese (10.0%),
Japanese (11.2%), and South Asians (8.5%). The California survey, like
the NHIS, did not distinguish recent immigrants from second or later
generations. Due to their small numbers in terms of the U.S. population,
available data on asthma among American Indians/Alaska Natives are
limited. One recent estimate of asthma prevalence among American
Indian/Alaska Native children found a prevalence rate of 13.0%, the
highest reported in the study of underrepresented populations, including
Chinese, Filipino, and Asian Indian. ("State of Lung Disease in Diverse Communities 2010." www.lungusa.org; 2010; p1)
U.S.
(PEDIATRIC POPULATION): The authors' primary research question was
whether similar access to medical care through the Military Health
System (MHS) among a diverse population minimized racial and ethnic
differences in prevalence of diagnosed asthma, treatment, and outcomes
observed in previous studies. They conducted a retrospective cohort
analysis of children continuously enrolled throughout 2007 in TRICARE
Prime, a voluntary health maintenance organization–type benefit option
in which military treatment facilities are intended to be the principal
source of care. More than 75% of children in the MHS are enrolled in
Prime and about 60% are dependents of active duty personnel. The final
analysis cohort includes 822,900 children aged 2 through 17 years. For
analyses of asthma care and asthma-related outcomes, the authors
identified the subsample of 59,266 children with at least 1 inpatient or
2 outpatient claims with a diagnosis for asthma. The prevalence of
asthma was reported as follows in Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks, and
non-Hispanic whites, respectively: all ages, 8.0%, 9.6%, 6.3%; ages 2-4
years, 8.5%, 11.2%, 7.0%; ages 5-10 years, 9.2%, 11.4%, 7.0%; ages 11-17
years, 6.2%, 7.3%, 5.4%. The prevalence of asthma varied significantly
by race and ethnicity, with black children more likely to be diagnosed
with asthma than either Hispanic or white children (9.6% vs 8.0% and
6.3%, respectively. After adjusting for differences in demographic
characteristics, military-related characteristics, and comorbidity,
black and Hispanic children in all age groups were significantly more
likely to have an asthma diagnosis than white children. (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; V.164; 8/10; p720)
U.S. (GERIATRIC
POPULATION): The largest studies of prevalence data in seniors are from
the U.S. National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). According to the NHIS
data set, the lifetime prevalence of asthma in individuals over 65
years of age is 6.8%. This percentage reflects patients' recollections
of having been told at some point in their lives by a physician or other
health care professional that they had asthma. A more important
statistic may be the percentage of elderly patients with “current”
asthma, those seniors who have been diagnosed with asthma by a physician
at some point and answered “yes” to the question, “Do you still have
asthma?” With this question, the prevalence of “current” asthma in
individuals over 65 years old is 5.9% according to NHIS data collected
from 1980–2004. This represents almost 2 million elderly Americans, a
number that may grow as the population includes more individuals over 65
years old. Using present estimates, 2,736,572 seniors will have asthma
by 2010 and 4,858,836 by 2030. (The American Journal of Medicine; V.122; 2009; p6)
U.S. (2007): This report is one in a
set of reports summarizing data from the 2007 National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS), a multipurpose health survey conducted by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS). This report provides national estimates for a broad
range of health measures for the U.S. civilian non-institutionalized
population of adults. For 2007, the number (in thousands) and
age-adjusted rate, respectively, of people aged 18 and older who had
ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had
asthma was reported as follows by gender, age, race/ethnicity, and
insurance status: total, 24,402, 11.0%; male, 10,383, 9.7%; female,
14,020, 12.2%; 18 to 44 years, 12,996, 11.7%; 45 to 64 years, 7895,
10.4%; 65 to 74 years, 2030, 10.6%; 75 years and older, 1481, 8.8%; one
race, 23,824, 10.9% (white, 19,997, 11.1%; black/African American, 2699,
10.2%; Asian, 842, 7.9%); Hispanic or Latino, 2687, 9.1%
(Mexican/Mexican American, 1331, 6.9%); not Hispanic or Latino, 21,715,
11.4% (white, single race, 17,615, 11.7%; black/African American, single
race, 2585, 10.1%). For 2007, the number (in thousands) and
age-adjusted rate, respectively, of people aged 18 and older who
reported ever being told by a doctor or other health professional that
they had asthma and who still had asthma was reported as follows by
gender, age, race/ethnicity, and insurance status: total, 16,177, 7.3%;
male, 5825, 5.4%; female, 10,351, 9.0%; 18 to 44 years, 7996, 7.2%; 45
to 64 years, 5476, 7.2%; 65 to 74 years, 1591, 8.3%; 75 years and older,
1113, 6.6%; one race, 15,781, 7.2% (white, 13,229, 7.3%; black/African
American, 2025, 7.7%; Asian, 357, 3.5%); Hispanic or Latino, 1664, 5.9%
(Mexican/Mexican American, 784, 4.1%); not Hispanic or Latino, 14,512,
7.5% (white, single race, 11,743, 7.7%; black/African American, single
race, 1963, 7.7%). (Vital and Health Statistics; Series 10; No.240; 5/09; p1)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): This report focuses specifically on
childhood asthma since 1980; it updates a previous study of trends in
childhood asthma, provides new details according to age and
race/ethnicity, and adds data on the adoption of asthma control
measures. Although estimates of prevalence, health care use, and
mortality rates are major indicators of the impact of childhood asthma,
symptoms that are not recognized or are not severe enough to warrant
emergency care or hospitalization can still affect quality of life.
Therefore, this report also addresses the broader context and responses
to childhood asthma by reviewing Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) programs that track symptoms and disease management and
that provide timely relevant data to health care professionals,
policymakers, and child caretakers at the community level. Asthma
period prevalence among children 0 to 17 years of age increased from
3.6% in 1980 to a peak of 7.5% in 1995. The annual average increase
between 1980 and 1996 was 4.6%. Because the National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS) questionnaire was redesigned in 1997, asthma prevalence
estimates from 1997 onward are not comparable to earlier estimates. All
of the 3 new prevalence estimates (lifetime, current, and attack) show
that asthma prevalence remained relatively level from 1997 to 2007. The
stability of current asthma prevalence noted from 2001 to 2007 probably
began in 1997. Prevalence, as estimated in the 2007 NHIS, remains at
historically high levels. That is, 9.1% of children (6.7 million) were
estimated to have asthma currently, 5.2% of children (3.8 million), or
nearly 60% of children with current asthma, had experienced 1 or more
asthma attack in the previous year, and 13.1% of children (9.6 million)
had been diagnosed as having asthma during their lifetimes. Of this
group, 70% were reported to have asthma currently. (Pediatrics; V.123; Suppl 3; 3/09; pS131)
U.S. (LOW-INCOME
URBAN CHILDREN): The present authors investigated change in
self-reported asthma prevalence after 12 years (1992 to 2004) for
high-risk children in an urban area characterized by low and worsening
socioeconomic status (SES). The authors conducted a cross-sectional
study initially in 1992 and then again in 2004, surveying fourth- and
fifth-grade students attending public schools in a low-income urban area
of St. Louis, Missouri. Participating schools were located within the
boundaries of neighborhoods served by the Neighborhood Asthma Coalition
(NAC) in St. Louis city. The three prevalence questions were from the
second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II)
items for children 3 to 17 years of age: (1) "During the past 12 months,
not counting colds or the flu, have you frequently had trouble with
wheezing?"; (2) "Has a doctor or nurse ever told you that you had
asthma?"; (3) "Do you still have asthma?" The questions were sequenced
as above, and subjects answered question 3 only if they answered yes to
question 2. Poverty was worse in 2004 as the percentage of people living
below the poverty level in these areas was greater compared with 1992
(40% versus 18%). There were no significant differences in prevalence
rates of previously diagnosed asthma (prevalence group 2) or current
asthma (prevalence group 3) in 1992 and 2004. Because prevalence rates
were similar for the two time periods and sample sizes in each period
were modest, data were combined to more efficiently evaluate
associations with other factors. Combined prevalence rates were 47% for
no asthma, 9% for previously diagnosed asthma (but not current asthma),
19% for current asthma, and 25% for probable undiagnosed asthma. These
prevalence rates indicate the ongoing pervasiveness of asthma for poor
urban children. The rates of current asthma (18% in 1992 and 20% in
2004) are comparable with other studies in similar urban pediatric
populations (18.2% to 19.9%). If the present authors consider lifetime
asthma simply as report of a previous diagnosis without further
categorization, as is done in many studies, their rate of 28% is
relatively high compared with other studies of urban public school
children (range 10.8% to 24.4%). Also, the present authors' rates of
probable undiagnosed asthma (24% in 1992 and 26% in 2004) are at the
high end of the range reported in other studies (6.2% to 30%). (Journal of Pediatrics; V.154; 1/09; p111)
U.S.: Since the early 1980s, asthma prevalence has been
increasing, and it is estimated to affect almost 22.9 million people in
the United States. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; V.101; 12/08; p641)
U.S. (BY RACE): The National Health
Interview Survey (NHIS) is a multipurpose survey that includes data on
Asian subgroups, although its sample sizes for these groups are
relatively small. Still, by combining 5 years of data from the NHIS
(2001–2005), the present authors obtained adequate statistical power to
analyze the prevalence of current asthma, lifetime asthma, and asthma
attacks for American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), Chinese, Filipino,
and Asian Indian children. The NHIS is a cross-sectional, continuously
conducted household interview survey of the civilian,
noninstitutionalized population of the United States. During the
survey, a knowledgeable adult family member who resides in the same
household provides information about 1 randomly selected child from each
sampled family. The prevalence of lifetime and current asthma and the
prevalence of 12-month asthma attacks were both calculated by using
responses to questions about the presence or absence of asthma in a
sample child. Lifetime asthma was estimated from responses to the
question, "Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you that
(child) had asthma?" Current asthma and asthma-attack prevalences were
obtained from responses to 2 follow-up questions that were asked if
respondents answered "yes" to lifetime asthma: "Does (child) still have
asthma?" and "During the past 12 months, has (child) had an episode of
asthma or an asthma attack?" After excluding all the nonresponses, the
final sample size for the logistic regression analysis was 51,944. The
prevalence rates of current asthma, lifetime asthma, and (among all
children with current asthma) asthma attack or episode in the past 12
months, respectively, were reported as follows by race: total, 9.2%,
13.2%, 60.7%; white, 8.4%, 12.3%, 61.3%; black, 13.3%, 18.1%, 59.1%;
AI/AN, 13.0%, 18.0%, 67.3%; Chinese, 5.1%, 9.0%, 47.1%; Filipino, 10.7%,
15.7%, 61.2%; Asian Indian, 4.4%, 9.4%, 59.8%; other or multiple race,
8.1%, 12.4%, 59.6%. The corresponding data were reported as follows by
place of birth: born in U.S., 9.4%, 13.6%, 60.9%; born outside of U.S.,
4.3%, 7.3%, 53.2%. (Pediatrics; V.122; No.1; 7/08; p e217)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC
AND ADULT POPULATION): Asthma is among the most common chronic
diseases in both children and adults. According to the latest report
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, for the 3-year
period between 2001 and 2003, about 20 million persons in the U.S. had
asthma. Of these, 6.2 million were children and 13.8 million were
adults. Current asthma prevalence was higher for children (8.5%) than
adults (6.7%). In addition, boys (9.6%) had higher prevalence than girls
(7.4%), whereas prevalence among women was higher (8.4%) than among men
(4.9%). These statistics suggest that a considerable number of patients
with asthma in childhood outgrow the disease, and those most likely to
undergo asthma remission are male patients. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.121; No.3; 3/08; p548)
U.S.: This report is one in a set of reports summarizing data from
the 2006 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a multipurpose
household health survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). This
report provides national estimates for a broad range of health measures
for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population of adults. In
2006, data were collected for 24,275 adults for the Sample Adult
questionnaire. The final response rate was 70.8%. Among 220,267,000
persons aged 18 and older, the number (in thousands) with asthma (ever
vs still) was estimated as 24,256 vs 16,057. The total number (in
thousands) of persons in each age group is reported in parentheses,
followed by the number (in thousands) who have asthma (ever vs still):
male (106,252), 10,078 vs 5904; female (114,014), 14,178 vs 10,152; ages
18-44 years (110,391), 12,668 vs 7990; ages 45-64 years (74,203), 7806
vs 5576; ages 65-74 years (19,081), 2238 vs 1481; ages 75 and older
(16,593), 1544 vs 1010; white (179,456), 19,476 vs 12,940; black or
African American (26,223), 3124 vs 1996; Asian (10,066), 833 vs 535;
Hispanic or Latino (28,664), 2345 vs 1447. ("Summary
Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey,
2006." Series 10; No.235; http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm; Accessed
1/23/08; p1)
U.S. (TRENDS): Based on the National Health Interview Survey, the
prevalence of current asthma was reported as follows in males versus
females (all ages): 2001, 8,580,000 vs 11,701,000; 2002, 8,461,000 vs
11,565,000; 2003, 8,213,000 vs 11,623,000; 2004, 8,937,000 vs
11,608,000. The current prevalence in 2004 was reported as follows for
selected variables: race (white, 15,855,000; black, 3,376,000; other,
1,313,000); ethnicity (Hispanic or Latino, 2,124,000; not Hispanic or
Latino, 18,421,000); age (0-4 years, 1,120,000; 5-14 years, 3,701,000;
15-34 years, 5,616,000; 35-64 years, 7,679,000; 65 or older, 2,429,000).
During 2001-2003, the estimated average annual number of persons
reporting an asthma attack during the preceding 12 months was reported
as 4,730,000 males and 6,916,000 females. The number of males versus
females was reported as follows by age: ages under 18 years, 2,412,000
vs 1,698,000; ages 18 or older, 2,319,000 vs 5,219,000; ages 0-4 years,
528,000 vs 379,000; ages 5-14 years, 1,563,000 vs 1,004,000; ages 15-34
years, 1,236,000 vs 2,020,000 (ages 15-19 years, 500,000 vs 533,000;
ages 20-24 years, 308,000 vs 511,000; ages 25-34 years, 428,000 vs
976,000); ages 35-64 years, 1,160,000 vs 2,890,000; ages 65 and older,
243,000 vs 624,000. The estimated number of persons with a
self-reported asthma attack during the preceding 12 months was reported
as follows in males versus females: 1999, 4,310,000 vs 6,178,000; 2000,
4,567,000 vs 6,413,000; 2001, 4,894,000 vs 7,092,000; 2002, 4,863,000
vs 7,045,000; 2003, 4,434,000 vs 6,612,000; 2004, 5,164,000 vs
6,520,000. The corresponding data were reported as follows in whites
versus blacks: 1999, 8,214,000 vs 1,513,000; 2000, 8,568,000 vs
1,605,000; 2001, 9,277,000 vs 1,898,000; 2002, 9,112,000 vs 1,962,000;
2003, 8,299,000 vs 1,850,000; 2004, 9,003,000 vs 1,958,000. The
corresponding data were reported as follows in Hispanic/Latinos versus
non-Hispanic/Latinos: 1999, 1,089,000 vs 9,392,000; 2000, 1,087,000 vs
9,892,000; 2001, 1,164,000 vs 10,822,000; 2002, 1,087,000 vs 10,821,000;
2003, 1,318,000 vs 9,728,000; 2004, 1,242,000 vs 10,442,000. The
corresponding data were reported as follows for ages under 18 years
versus ages 18 or older: 1999, 3,799,000 vs 6,689,000; 2000, 3,998,000
vs 6,982,000; 2001, 4,156,000 vs 7,830,000; 2002, 4,197,000 vs
7,711,000; 2003, 3,975,000 vs 7,071,000; 2004, 3,975,000 vs 7,709,000. (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.56; No.SS-8; 10/19/07; p1)
U.S.: In the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey (NHANES III), conducted from 1988 to 1994, prick-puncture allergy
skin tests to 10 allergens were administered to subjects aged 6 to 59
years. This nationally representative survey provided the opportunity
to estimate the percentage of asthma cases in the U.S. population
attributable to skin test positivity, an indirect measurement of atopy
(serum IgE was not measured in NHANES III). Data were obtained from
NHANES III, a complex survey designed to represent the civilian
noninstitutionalized population of the U.S. Questionnaires were
adminstered to and medical examinations and laboratory tests conducted
on 31,311 individuals age 2 months to 90 years. A subsample of 12,106
subjects consisting of all subjects age 6 to 19 years and a random
half-sample of subjects age 20 to 59 years were selected for allergy
skin testing. The number of subjects with a valid test and results for
all 10 allergens was 10,508. The disease outcome for this analysis was
doctor-diagnosed current asthma assessed by questionnaire. The
prevalence of asthma in the U.S. population age 6 to 59 years was 5.2%.
Among the U.S. population age 6 to 59 years, 56.3% of the asthma cases
were attributable to atopy. For selected characteristics, the
percentage with asthma was reported as follows, with the percentage of
cases attributable to atopy in parentheses: overall, 5.2% (56.3%); ages
6-19 years, 6.4% (55.2%); ages 20-39 years, 4.6% (60.6%); ages 40-59
years, 4.9% (52.1%); males, 4.8% (74.1%); females, 5.5% (43.2%);
non-Hispanic whites, 5.3% (54.8%); non-Hispanic blacks, 6.0% (49.3%);
Mexican Americans, 3.3% (55.8%); BMI 11.2-18.4 (underweight), 5.0%
(61.0%); BMI 18.5-24.9 (normal weight), 5.1% (68.6%); BMI 25.0-29.9
(overweight), 3.7% (45.4%); BMI 30.0-79.6 (obese), 7.5% (37.7%). (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.120; No.5; 11/07; p1139)
U.S.
(PEDIATRIC/ADOLESCENT POPULATION): In 2005, approximately 8.9% (6.5
million) of U.S. children aged under 18 years were reported to have
current asthma. (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.56; No.9; 3/9/07; p193)
U.S. (ADOLESCENT
POPULATION): The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
monitors priority health-risk behaviors, general health status, and the
prevalence of overweight and asthma among youth and young adults. YRBSS
includes a national school-based survey conducted by CDC and state and
local school-based surveys conducted by state and local education and
health agencies. As a component of YRBSS, in 2005, communities
participating in the Steps to a HealthierUS Cooperative Agreement
Program (Steps Program) also conducted school-based surveys of students
in grades 9 through 12 in their program intervention areas. These
communities used a modified core questionnaire that asks about dietary
behaviors, physical activity, and tobacco use and monitors the
prevalence of overweight, diabetes, and asthma. This report summarizes
results from surveys of students in 15 Steps communities that conducted
surveys in 2005. The reporting period was January to May 2005. The
national data set and each community data set were cleaned and edited
for inconsistencies. Missing data were not imputed statistically. Of
13,953 completed questionnaires from the national YRBS, 36 failed
quality control and were excluded from analysis, leaving 13,917 usable
questionnaires. Across surveys, the overall percentage of students who
had ever been told by a doctor or nurse that they had asthma (i.e.,
lifetime asthma) ranged from 15.5% to 27.9% (median: 20.1%). Prevalence
among female students ranged from 11.9% to 25.8% (median: 20.3%), and
prevalence among male students ranged from 15.1% to 30.3% (median:
20.4%). The overall percentage of students with lifetime asthma who
reported having either (1) asthma but no episode or attack or (2) an
asthma episode or attack (i.e., current asthma) during the 12 months
preceding the survey ranged from 10.9% to 19.7% (median: 15.9%).
Prevalence among female students ranged from 9.4% to 21.5% (median:
16.9%), and prevalence among male students ranged from 10.4% to 18.2%
(median: 15.5%). The overall percentage of students with current asthma
who had an asthma episode or attack during the 12 months preceding the
survey ranged from 28.4% to 52.4% (median: 37.6%). Prevalence among
female students ranged from 37.4% to 48.1% (median: 44.9%), and
prevalence among male students ranged from 24.5% to 37.8% (median:
28.4%). (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.56; No.SS-2; 2/23/07; p1)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): The prevalence of childhood asthma in
the United States has been reported to range from 6% to 18%. The lack
of a gold standard for the diagnosis of pediatric asthma contributes to
the variability in rates of childhood asthma. In an effort to overcome
the differences in methodology of previous prevalence studies, the
International Study of Asthma Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) was
designed to determine the prevalence of childhood asthma by using a
standardized and validated methodology. ISAAC has been used in more
than 50 countries and more than 100 independent sites. The current
study was designed to compare the resource utilization and healthcare
costs of children with a diagnosis of asthma, children dispensed asthma
medications but without a diagnosis of asthma, and control children.
This study was a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional analysis
conducted during the calendar year of 2001. Patients were identified
from an integrated managed-care database (PharMetrics; Watertown, MA),
which is a collection of administrative claims from a number of
managed-care organizations distributed across the United States. A
total of 295,099 children were identified. Overall, an asthma diagnosis
(Dx cohort) was recorded in 6.7% of the population, and 4.4% of the
children met the criteria for the asthma Rx cohort (prescription for an
asthma controller or reliever medication but without an asthma
diagnosis) during the study year. The prevalence of physician-diagnosed
asthma (Dx cohort) was highest in the 2- to 4-year-olds (7.9%) and
lowest in the 13- to 17-year-olds (5.5%). A significant male
predominance was noted in the overall Dx and Rx cohorts compared with
the control children. 13% and 12% of the 0- to 1-year-olds and 2- to
4-year-olds, respectively, met either the Rx or Dx criteria for asthma
compared with 11.2% and 10.1% of the 5- to 12- and 13- to 17-year-olds,
respectively. The relative proportion of children identified with
asthma by the Rx criteria versus the Dx criteria was greatest in the
oldest age group. (Journal of Pediatrics; V.148; 6/06; p819)
U.S.: This report is one in a set of reports summarizing data from
the 2004 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a multipurpose health
survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This report
provides national estimates for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized
population of adults. The NHIS has been an important source of
information about health and health care in the U.S. since it was first
conducted in 1957. All members of the household 17 years of age and
over who are at home at the time of the interview are invited to
participate and respond for themselves. For children and adults not
available during the interview, information is provided by a
knowledgeable adult family member (18 years of age or over) residing in
the household. The interviewed sample for 2004 consisted of 36,579
households, which yielded 94,460 persons in 37,466 families. There were
37,388 adults eligible for the Sample Adult questionnaire. Data were
collected for 31,326 adults, a conditional response rate of 83.8% (the
number of completed Sample Adult interviews divided by the total number
of eligible sample adults). The unconditional or final response rate
for the Sample Adult Core component was calculated by multiplying the
conditional rate by the overall family response rate of 86.5%, yielding a
final Sample Adult component response rate of 72.5%. (LIFETIME
PREVALENCE) The total number of subjects (in thousands) who had ever
been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had asthma
was reported as 21,300 (crude rate, 9.9%; age-adjusted rate, 9.9%). The
number of cases was reported as follows for selected demographic
variables, with the age-adjusted rate in parentheses: males, 8796
(8.5%); females, 12,503 (11.2%); ages 18-44 years, 10,959 (9.9%); ages
45-64 years, 6973 (10.0%); ages 65-74 years, 1893 (10.3%); ages 75 and
over, 1474 (9.1%); whites, 17,376 (9.7%); blacks, 2755 (11.2%);
Hispanics/Latinos, 2013 (7.9%); less than high school education, 3227
(10.5%); bachelor's degree or higher, 4706 (9.2%); family income less
than $20,000, 4554 (12.5%); family income $75,000 or more, 4439 (9.5%);
poor, 2260 (13.4%); not poor, 11,200 (9.9%). The prevalence was
reported as follows by health insurance coverage. Under age 65 years:
private, 11,962 (9.5%); Medicaid, 2081 (17.0%); uninsured, 2963 (8.6%).
Age 65 and over: private, 1996 (9.5%); Medicaid and Medicare, 348
(18.0%); Medicare only, 771 (8.6%). (CURRENT PREVALENCE) The total
number of subjects (in thousands) who had ever been told they had asthma
and still had asthma was reported as 14,358 (crude rate, 6.7%;
age-adjusted rate, 6.7%). The number of cases was reported as follows
for selected demographic variables, with the age-adjusted rate in
parentheses: males, 5148 (5.0%); females, 9210 (8.2%); ages 18-44
years, 7058 (6.4%); ages 45-64 years, 4871 (7.0%); ages 65-74 years,
1368 (7.5%); ages 75 and over, 1061 (6.6%); whites, 11,750 (6.6%);
blacks, 1890 (7.7%); Hispanics, 1163 (4.6%); less than high school
education, 2386 (7.8%); bachelor's degree or higher, 3053 (5.9%); family
income less than $20,000, 3467 (9.6%); family income $75,000 or more,
2838 (6.0%); poor, 1742 (10.3%); not poor, 7209 (6.3%). The prevalence
was reported as follows by health insurance coverage. Under age 65
years: private, 7782 (6.2%); Medicaid, 1549 (12.7%); uninsured, 1955
(5.7%). Age 65 and over: private, 1487 (7.1%); Medicaid and Medicare,
224 (11.6%); Medicare only, 542 (6.1%). (National
Center for Health Statistics; "Summary Health Statistics for U.S.
Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2004." Vital and Health
Statistics; Series 10; No.228; 5/06; p1)
U.S.: This study provided national estimates of asthma prevalence
among U.S. adults and analyzed the relative contributions of
demographic, geographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, environmental, and
health care variables to elevated rates. The National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS) is an annual national health survey in which personal
interviews are conducted in respondents' homes throughout the year.
This study used data collected during the 1998 through 2000 survey
years. Between 1997 and 2000, the NHIS included at least 2 questions on
asthma each year: "Have you ever been told by a doctor or other health
professional that you had…asthma?" (lifetime asthma) and "During the
past 12 months, have you had an episode of asthma or asthma attack?"
(asthma in the past year). Between 1998 and 2000, 8.9% of adults in the
civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the U.S. reported having
ever been diagnosed with asthma. Lifetime asthma prevalence did not
increase consistently over this 3-year period. The prevalence of
lifetime asthma and of asthma in the past year (respectively) were
reported as follows: all, 8.9%, 3.4%; non-Hispanic blacks, 9.6%, 3.6%;
non-Hispanic whites, 9.2%, 3.5%; Hispanics, 7.2%, 2.9% (Puerto Ricans,
17.0%, 9.2%; Mexican Americans, 7.5%, 3.0%; Mexicans, 3.9%, 1.3%). (American Journal of Public Health; V.96; No.5; 5/06; p880)
U.S.
(PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT POPULATION): This report presents both
age-adjusted and unadjusted statistics from the 2004 National Health
Interview Survey (NHIS) on selected health measures for children under
18 years of age. The NHIS is a multistage probability sample survey
conducted annually by interviewers of the U. S. Census Bureau for the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health
Statistics and is representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized
population of the United States. Data are collected for all family
members during face-to-face interviews. The interviewed sample for 2004
consisted of 36,579 households, which yielded 94,460 persons in 37,466
families. There were 13,538 children under 18 years of age eligible for
the Sample Child questionnaire. Data were collected for 12,424 sample
children, a conditional response rate of 91.8%. 9 million U.S. children
under 18 years of age (12%) have ever been diagnosed with asthma. As
the age increases, the percentage of children ever diagnosed with asthma
increases. Boys were more likely than girls to have ever been
diagnosed with asthma (15% and 9%). The total number (in thousands) and
age-adjusted percent, respectively, of children under age 18 who had
ever been told by a doctor or other health professional that they had
asthma were reported as follows: total, 8890, 12.2%; males, 5524,
14.8%; females, 3366, 9.4%; age 0 to 4 years, 1454, 7.3%; age 5 to 11
years, 3653, 13.0%; age 12 to 17 years, 3782, 15.2%; white, 6328, 11.3%;
black or African American, 1910, 17.2%; Hispanic or Latino, 1423,
10.4%; poor (below the poverty threshold), 1294, 14.1%; near poor (100%
to under 200% of the poverty threshold), 1751, 13.3%; not poor (200% or
more of the poverty threshold), 4032, 11.6%. The total number (in
thousands) and age-adjusted percent, respectively, of children under age
18 who had had an asthma attack in the past 12 months were reported as
follows: total, 3975, 5.5%; males, 2497, 6.7%; females, 1478, 4.1%; age
0 to 4 years, 781, 3.9%; age 5 to 11 years, 1710, 6.1%; age 12 to 17
years, 1484, 5.9%; white, 2844, 5.1%; black or African American, 882,
8.0%; Hispanic or Latino, 568, 4.2%; poor, 652, 7.0%; near poor, 774,
5.9%; not poor, 1824, 5.3%. Almost 4 million children (6%) had an
asthma attack in the past 12 months. Non-Hispanic black children were
more likely than Hispanic children to have had an asthma attack in the
past 12 months (8% and 4%). Children in fair or poor health were more
than 7 times as likely to have had an asthma attack in the past 12
months as children in excellent or very good health (29% and 4%). (Vital and Health Statistics; Series 10; No.227; 2/06; p1)
U.S. (TRENDS): For 1997, 2002, and 2003, respectively, the
percentage of U.S. adults (age 18 and older) who had ever been told by a
doctor or other health professional that they had asthma ("ever
asthma") and who reported having an episode of asthma or an asthma
attack in the past 12 months was reported as follows: total
(age-adjusted), 3.7%, 3.7%, 3.3%; total (crude), 3.7%, 3.7%, 3.3%; age
18 to 44 years, 4.0%, 4.0%, 3.4% (18 to 24 years, 4.8%, 4.6%, 3.5%; 25
to 44 years, 3.8%, 3.8%, 3.4%); age 45 to 64 years, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.7% (45
to 54 years, 4.1%, 3.9%, 3.7%; 55 to 64 years, 2.9%, 3.4%, 3.7%); age
65 years and over, 2.7%, 3.0%, 2.3% (65 to 74 years, 3.1%, 3.4%, 2.8%;
75 years and over, 2.2%, 2.4%, 1.7%). For 1997, 2002, and 2003,
respectively, the percentage of men with ever asthma who reported having
an episode of asthma or an asthma attack in the past 12 months was
2.6%, 2.3%, and 2.0%; for women, the corresponding percentages were
4.7%, 5.0%, and 4.5%. For 1997, 2002, and 2003, respectively, the
percentage of adult men versus women with ever asthma who reported
having an episode of asthma or an asthma attack in the past 12 months
was reported as follows: 18 to 44 years, 2.7% vs 5.3%, 2.5% vs 5.4%,
2.3% vs 4.5%; 45 to 54 years, 2.7% vs 5.4%, 2.1% vs 5.5%, 2.0% vs 5.4%;
55 to 64 years, 1.9% vs 3.9%, 2.4% vs 4.4%, 1.8% (unreliable estimate;
relative standard error [RSE] 20%-30%) vs 5.4%; 65 to 74 years, 2.8% vs
3.4%, 2.3% vs 4.4%, 1.6% (unreliable estimate; RSE 20%-30%) vs 3.7%; 75
years and over, 2.0% (unreliable estimate; RSE 20%-30%) vs 2.3%, 1.7%
(unreliable estimate; RSE 20%-30%) vs 2.9%, data not shown (unreliable
estimate; RSE over 30%) vs 2.3%. For 1997, 2002, and 2003,
respectively, the percentage of adults with ever asthma who reported
having an episode of asthma or an asthma attack in the past 12 months
was reported as follows: white, 3.7%, 3.7%, 3.3%; black/African
American, 3.9%, 4.3%, 3.7%; Hispanic/Latino, 2.8%, 2.3%, 2.8%. For
1997, 2002, and 2003, respectively, the percentage of adults with ever
asthma who reported having an episode of asthma or an asthma attack in
the past 12 months was reported as follows based on poverty status:
poor (below the poverty threshold), 5.9%, 5.5%, 5.3%; near poor (100% to
less than 200% of the poverty threshold), 4.4%, 3.9%, 4.1%; nonpoor
(200% or greater than the poverty threshold), 3.1%, 3.4%, 2.9%. (National Center for Health Statistics; "Health, United States, 2005." Hyattsville, Maryland; 2005; p2)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): This study examined the demographics
of children with asthma who live in nonurban settings. The
cross-sectional study included 19,076 children (6 months to 18 years of
age) who lived in 146 nonurban communities in the greater Hartford,
Connecticut region and who were enrolled in a disease-management
program. The goals of Easy Breathing II are to assist clinicians in
private practice to improve recognition of asthma and classification of
asthma severity, and to develop a systematic, standardized approach to
asthma management including the creation of a written asthma treatment
plan. 65 clinicians (86%) from 20 practices (74%) agreed to
participate. The 19,076 children enrolled in the Easy Breathing II
program were younger than those represented in the 2000 U.S. Census.
18% of the children surveyed had a physician-confirmed diagnosis of
asthma. Asthma diagnosis in children enrolled in the Easy Breathing II
program varied by ethnicity; African American children were 1.72 times
as likely and Hispanic children were 1.91 times as likely as Caucasian
children to have physician-confirmed asthma. The children with asthma
were more likely to be male and at least 5 years of age. 24% of the
children in the Easy Breathing II program had newly diagnosed asthma. (Chest; V.128; No.6; 12/05; p3846)
U.S. (HIGH SCHOOL
STUDENTS): To examine self-reported asthma and asthma attacks among
U.S. high school students, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) analyzed data from the 2003 national Youth Risk
Behavior Survey. This report summarizes the results of that analysis.
The 2003 national survey used a three-stage cluster sample design to
obtain cross-sectional data representative of public- and private-school
students in grades 9-12 in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
The school response rate was 81%, the student response rate was 83%,
and the overall response rate was 67%. Students completed an anonymous,
self-administered questionnaire that included two questions about
asthma. The percentage of high school students reporting lifetime
asthma, current asthma, or (among those with current asthma) an asthma
episode or attack during the preceding 12 months, respectively, was
reported as follows: males, 19.0%, 15.5%, 31.1%; females, 18.7%, 16.8%,
44.5%; whites, 19.3%, 17.0%, 38.7%; blacks, 21.3%, 16.8%, 33.9%;
Hispanics, 15.6%, 12.9%, 38.8%; 9th grade, 20.5%, 17.5%, 45.0%; 10th
grade, 18.0%, 15.0%, 36.4%; 11th grade, 18.2%, 15.9%, 34.6%; 12th grade,
18.3%, 15.5%, 33.0%; total, 18.9%, 16.1%, 37.9%. In this survey, 18.9%
of high school students had been told by a doctor or a nurse that they
had asthma, 16.1% had current asthma, and 37.9% of those with current
asthma had had an episode of asthma or an asthma attack during the 12
months preceding the survey. (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.54; No.31; 8/12/05; p765)
U.S. (UNCONTROLLED
ASTHMA): This analysis characterized changes in asthma control over a
36-month period for managed care enrollees from a number of plans
distributed across the U.S. Control was assessed on a resource
utilization definition of asthma exacerbations, including asthma-related
emergency department visits, asthma-related hospitalizations, oral
corticosteroid use, or increased dispensing of short-acting
beta-2-agonists. Asthma-related utilization was analyzed over 36 months
to determine the pattern of asthma control over time. All data are
collected from claims submitted by providers (i.e., physicians,
pharmacies, and hospitals) to payers (i.e., managed care organizations)
to receive payment for services rendered. The study population was
identified from the database for the period 1996 through 2002. Subjects
aged 5 to 55 years with asthma were identified by using ICD-9-CM codes
493.0 through 493.9. In all, 63,324 patients were identified who had a
diagnosis of asthma and met the 36-month enrollment-utilization
criteria. During any quarter of the study, as many as 25% of study
patients were considered to have uncontrolled asthma, with about 42%
meeting the operational definition in any given 12-month period. Among
patients with controlled asthma in year 1, 53% experienced a period of
uncontrolled asthma in one or more of the subsequent 8 quarters.
Although the risk of loss of control in years 2 and 3 was nearly 4-fold
lower for the subjects with initially controlled asthma than the risk
for the uncontrolled cohort members, the index event for loss of control
in the former group was more likely a claim for an emergency department
visit-hospitalization or for an oral corticosteroid dispensing. The
uncontrolled cohort experienced an even higher risk of further episodes
of uncontrolled asthma, with about 34% to 46% meeting criteria for
uncontrolled asthma in each quarter of years 2 and 3. By the end of the
3 years of observation, a minority of the population (27%) was
consistently identified as having controlled asthma. The definition of
control selected for the purposes of the present research uses a
moderately low threshold. In conclusion, about 50% of patients
initially identified as having controlled asthma had uncontrolled asthma
at some time over the subsequent 2 years, with a noteworthy proportion
of these patients having an asthma-related emergency department visit,
having a hospitalization, or requiring the use of oral corticosteroids.
These results highlight the inability of most asthmatic subjects to
continually maintain asthma control and the unpredictability of
exacerbations, even in previously controlled patients. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.115; No.5; 5/05; p935)
U.S. (TRENDS): (PAST-YEAR EPISODES) For the period January through
September 2004, the percentage of persons of all ages who experienced
an asthma episode in the past 12 months was 4.0%, which was higher than,
but not significantly different from, the 2003 estimate of 3.9%. For
the period 1997 through September 2004, the percentage of persons of all
ages who experienced an asthma episode in the past 12 months was
reported as follows: 1997, 4.2%; 1998, 3.9%; 1999, 3.9%; 2000, 4.0%;
2001, 4.3%; 2002, 4.3%; 2003, 3.9%; January through September 2004,
4.0%. The percentage of persons of all ages who experienced an asthma
episode in the past 12 months decreased from 4.2% in 1997 to 3.9% in
1999, but increased significantly to 4.3% in 2001. The rates then
decreased again to 3.9% in 2003. For the period January through
September 2004, the percentage of persons who experienced an asthma
episode in the past 12 months was estimated as follows by age (males
versus females in parentheses): ages 0 to 14 years, 5.0% (7.0% vs
3.5%); ages 15 to 34 years, 3.7% (3.4% vs 4.1%); ages 35 and over, 3.7%
(3.0% vs 4.8%). For both sexes combined, the percentage of persons who
had an asthma episode in the past 12 months was higher among children
under age 15 than among those age 15 and over. For the period January
through September 2004, the sex-adjusted percentage of persons who
experienced an asthma episode in the past 12 months was estimated as
follows by race/ethnicity (ages 0 to 14 years versus 15 years and over):
Hispanics, 4% vs 3%; white non-Hispanic, 4.7% vs 3.8%; black
non-Hispanic, 7.3% vs 4.3%. (CURRENT PREVALENCE) For the period January
through September 2004, 7.2% of persons of all ages currently had
asthma, which was higher than, but not significantly different from, the
2003 estimate of 7.1%. The prevalence of current asthma among persons
of all ages decreased from 7.6% in 2001 to 7.1% in 2003. For the period
January through September 2004, the prevalence of current asthma was
estimated as follows (males versus females in parentheses): ages 0 to
14 years, 8.0% (10.0% vs 6.0%); ages 15 to 34 years, 7.0% (6.0% vs
8.5%); ages 35 and over, 7.0% (5.5% vs 8.5%). For the period January
through September 2004, the sex-adjusted prevalence of current asthma
was estimated as follows by race/ethnicity (ages 0 to 14 years versus 15
years and over): Hispanics, 7.0% vs 4.3%; white non-Hispanic, 7.3% vs
7.3%; black non-Hispanic, 12.0% vs 8.2%. (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention; "Early Release of Selected
Estimates Based on Data From the January-September 2004 National Health
Interview Survey." National Center for Health Statistics; Released
3/23/05; p78)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): This study examined a nationally
representative sample of U.S. children aged 6 to 16 years old and
determined whether there are differences in risk factors and measures of
severity between children with different asthma phenotypes. Data were
obtained from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES III), conducted from 1988 through 1994 by the National Center
for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). To delineate children who had asthma from those who did not have
asthma, the authors used a positive answer to the question, "Has a
doctor ever told you that your child has asthma?" After exclusions, the
analytic sample consisted of 5244 children who represented about 39.6
million U.S. children. The authors classified 4.8% of children as
having atopic asthma, 1.9% as having nonatopic asthma, 3.4% as having
resolved asthma, 4.3% as having frequent respiratory symptoms with no
asthma diagnosis, and 85.6% as normal. Children with resolved asthma
were, in general, more similar to normal children than those with atopic
asthma. They did, however, have significantly lower lung function. (Pediatrics; V.115; No.3; 3/05; p726)
U.S.: Based on the 2002 National Health Interview Survey sample,
it was estimated that 30.8 million Americans, or 110.6 per 1000 persons,
had been diagnosed with asthma by a health professional within their
lifetime. Between 1997 and 2002, children 5 to 17 years of age have had
the highest prevalence rates. In 2002, 140 per 1000 children ages 5 to
17 had been diagnosed with asthma in their lifetime. The number of
people who were ever told by a health professional that they had asthma
(lifetime prevalence) for 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively, was
reported as follows (with the prevalence rate per 1000 persons in
parentheses): all ages, 27,615,006 (100.8), 31,353,657 (113.4),
30,821,125 (110.6); younger than five years, 1,535,639 (78.3), 1,552,713
(78.7), 1,451,929 (73.2); 5 to 17 years, 7,382,614 (140.0), 7,631,820
(144.2), 7,442,217 (140.0); all persons younger than 18 years, 8,918,253
(123.3), 9,184,533 (126.4), 8,894,146 (121.9); 18 to 44 years,
10,676,318 (98.4), 12,795,275 (118.0), 12,453,741 (115.2); 45 to 64
years, 5,266,650 (87.0), 6,507,867 (104.1), 6,836,046 (105.7); 65 years
and older, 2,753,785 (84.2), 2,865,982 (87.2), 2,637,162 (79.8); all
persons older than 18 years, 18,696,753 (92.7), 22,169,124 (108.8),
21,926,949 (106.5). Females have had consistently higher asthma rates
than males. In 2002, females were about 10% more likely than males to
ever have been diagnosed with asthma. The difference between sexes was
not statistically significant. Blacks are more likely to be diagnosed
with asthma over their lifetime. In 2002, the prevalence rate in blacks
was 29% higher than the rate in whites. Since 1997 the differences in
lifetime asthma prevalence between races have been statistically
significant. Over 20 million Americans (6.1 million children) had
asthma in 2002: a rate of 71.8 per 1000 population. The highest
prevalence rate was seen in those 5 to 17 years of age (91.9 per 1000
population), with rates decreasing with age. Overall, the rate in those
under 18 (83.1 per 1000) was significantly greater than those over 18
(67.8 per 1000). In 2002, 8.5 million males and 11.6 million females
had asthma. The prevalence rate in females (81 per 1000 persons) was
almost 30% greater than the rate in males (62.6 per 1000 persons).
However, this pattern was reversed among children. The current asthma
prevalence rate for boys aged 0 to 17 years (94.8 per 1000) was over 30%
higher than the rate among girls (71.6 per 1000). The difference in
rates between sexes was statistically significant in both children and
adults. In 2002, the current asthma prevalence rate was 38% higher in
blacks than in whites. This difference between races was significant.
The highest prevalence rates for whites and blacks were among the 5 to
17 age group. Whites had the lowest prevalence rates in those under 5
and blacks had the lowest in those over 65. Over the past year, the
asthma prevalence rate in blacks has increased 8.5%, while decreasing
3.5% in whites. The proportion of attacks that occur within a
population at a single point in time is the attack prevalence. In this
report, it is the proportion of people who had one or more asthma
attacks or episodes in the preceding year. This type of period
prevalence estimate measures for active asthma. In 2002, an estimated
11.9 million Americans (4.2 million children under 18) had an asthma
attack. This represents 60% of the 20 million people who currently had
asthma. The asthma attack rate was 42.7 per 1000 population in 2002. (American
Lung Association; "Trends in Asthma Morbidity and Mortality."
http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5DE762256}/ASTHMA1.pdf;
Accessed 7/31/04; p1)
U.S.: Asthma is a chronic lung disease caused by inflammation of
the lower airways and episodes of airflow obstruction. Asthma episodes
or attacks can vary from mild to life-threatening. Data from the 2000
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) show that about 25.3 million
people (18.2 million adults aged 18 or older and 7.1 million children
0-17 years) have been told by a physician or other health care provider
that they had asthma. Of those who were ever told that they had asthma,
6.5 million adults aged 18 or over and 3.2 million children 0-17 years
had an asthma episode or an attack within the 12 months preceding the
MEPS interview (active asthma). In 2000 about 3.5% of the U.S. civilian
noninstitutionalized population reported having an asthma episode or
attack in the last 12 months (males, 2.8%; females, 4.1%). Children
were more likely (4.4%) than adults (3.1%) to have active asthma. Among
children, males were more likely (5.4%) than females (3.4%) to have
active asthma. For adults, females were more than twice as likely as
males to have active asthma (4.3% compared to 1.9%). (Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD; Statistical Brief
No.13; 6/04; http://www.meps/ahrq.gov/papers/st13/stat13.htm; p1)
U.S. (TRENDS): Between 1997 and 1999, the lifetime asthma
prevalence rate in the U.S. decreased by about 6% (96.6 per 1000 persons
in 1997, to 90.9 per 1000 persons in 1999) but increased again by 25%
to 2001 (113.4 per 1000 persons in 2001). As with lifetime asthma
prevalence, the asthma attack rate decreased by 7.4% from 1997 to 1999
(41.8 per 1000 population in 1997, to 38.6 per 1000 population in 1999)
but then increased significantly by 10% (42.6 per 1000 population) in
2002. Results for the first half of 2003 indicate an asthma attack rate
of 40.1 per 1000 population. Despite a recent increase in lifetime
asthma prevalence, estimates from the National Hospital Discharge Survey
suggest a decline in the number of hospital discharges for asthma from
1988 to 2000. Similarly, mortality rates declined over the same time
period. During the 1980s and early 1990s asthma prevalence trended
upward in the U.S. followed by a brief, but not sustained, decline from
1997 to 1999. The 2001 NHIS data suggest that there has been a net
increase in lifetime asthma prevalence in the U.S. since 1997. Thus,
any conclusions about the end of the asthma epidemic in the U.S. are
premature. (Chest; V.125; No.6; 6/04; p1969)
U.S.: Of the 17 million Americans with asthma, 10 million are thought to have allergic asthma. (The Journal of Family Practice; Suppl; 4/04; pS3)
U.S.: To assess asthma prevalence and asthma-control
characteristics among racial/ethnic populations, the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention analyzed 2002 data from the Behavioral Risk
Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). BRFSS is a state-based,
random-digit-dialed telephone survey of the noninstitutionalized,
civilian U.S. population aged 18 years and older. In 2002, the median
response rate for all 54 reporting areas was 58.3%. Asthma
characteristics for white non-Hispanics, black non-Hispanics, Asian
non-Hispanics, and Hispanics, respectively, were reported as follows for
2002: current prevalence, 7.6%, 9.3%, 2.9%, 5.0%; emergency department
visits, 14.5%, 37.2%, 18.8%, 26.0%; urgent visits, 25.8%, 35.9%, 17.1%,
36.9%; routine visits, 52.6%, 62.9%, 50.9%, 51.4%; use of
medication(s), 70.0%, 68.0%, 63.2%, 67.0%. Asthma characteristics for
participants of all races/ethnicities were reported as follows: current
prevalence, 7.2%; emergency department visits, 18.4%; urgent visits,
28.5%; routine visits, 53.9%; use of medication(s), 69.3%. Among the
estimated 16 million (7.5%) U.S. adults with asthma, self-reported
current asthma prevalence among racial/ethnic minority populations
ranged from 3.1% to 14.5%, compared with 7.6% among whites. Among all
U.S. adults, the prevalence of lifetime and current asthma was 11.8% and
7.5%, respectively. (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.53; No.7; 2/27/04; p145)
U.S.: Approximately 3.5 million American adults aged 35 to 64 years have symptomatic asthma. (Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; V.111; No.6; 6/03; p1212)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): This population-based survey measured
the prevalence of asthma-like symptoms (wheezing and cough) among
children with and without a physician diagnosis of asthma. It compared
the functional consequences of health care use of children with current
wheezing symptoms with no physician diagnosis with those of two groups:
(1) children with physician-diagnosed asthma with current asthma-like
symptoms and (2) asymptomatic children who reported never having any
asthma-like symptoms or diagnosis. The target population was enumerated
from 1999 to 2000 enrollment records kept by the North Carolina
Department of Public Instruction and included 565 public schools with
192,248 children in the seventh and eighth grades. The study population
of 122,829 was ethnically diverse. The prevalence of ever
physician-diagnosed asthma was 16%: 10% had current wheezing symptoms
(in the last 12 months), 1% had current cough, and 5% had no current
symptoms. Combining diagnosed asthmatics with current symptoms (11%),
diagnosed asthmatics without current symptoms (5%), and children with
undiagnosed current wheezing (17%) gives a population-based prevalence
of 33% for ever having asthma or asthma-like symptoms. More than
one-fourth (28%) of the children reported current asthma-like symptoms
or asthma. These estimates of wheezing prevalence based on 122,829
children agree well with the estimates reported in the worldwide ISAAC
survey from other industrialized countries. The present estimates of
wheezing during the day (at rest) in the last 12 months were 23%
(written questionnaire) and 13% (video questionnaire), which are similar
to the estimates reported in the worldwide study of 20% to 25%
(written) and about 13% (video) for the U.S. ISAAC sites. The current
estimate of 11% of children in the population with physician-diagnosed
current asthma is comparable to but somewhat higher than the most recent
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
estimate of 6.7% with physician-diagnosed asthma in children aged 2 to
16 years. The National Health Interview Survey on Child Health reports
an asthma estimate considerably lower (4.9%) for children aged 6 to 18
years. (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; V.157; 6/03; p540)
U.S.: To provide prevalence data for state and local health
department asthma programs, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS) collects data each year from the 50 states, the District
of Columbia, and three U.S. territories. In 2001, an estimated 31.3
million persons reported ever having asthma diagnosed, and 20.3 million
persons currently had asthma. Each year, about 14 million days of
school absences and about 100 million days of restricted activity are
attributed to asthma. The overall prevalence of lifetime asthma among
adults was 11.0%. During 2001, an estimated 15.1 million adults in the
U.S. and the District of Columbia had current asthma. Current asthma
was higher among persons who were multiple race/non-Hispanic (12.2%),
followed by non-Hispanic blacks (8.5%), non-Hispanic whites (7.2%),
other race/non-Hispanic (5.9%), and Hispanics (5.7%). (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.52; No.17; 5/2/03; p381)
U.S.: For 1997 versus 1999, the estimated annual prevalence per
1000 population of an episode of asthma during the previous 12 months by
race, sex, and age was reported as follows: Caucasian, 40.5 vs 37.6;
African-American, 45.4 vs 38.9; male, 33.0 vs 31.6; female, 47.9 vs
44.5; ages 0 to 4 years, 41.2 vs 42.1; ages 5 to 14 years, 60.0 vs 56.4;
ages 13 to 34 years, 44.2 vs 42.2; ages 35 to 64 years, 37.0 vs 33.4
years; ages 65 years and older, 27.3 vs 22.1. This data was taken from
the National Health Interview Survey. Self-reported prevalence of
asthma in the U.S. may have peaked in 1995 at 55.2 per 1000 as estimated
from annual National Health Interview Surveys. A change in collection
of data in 1997 has limited interpretation of trends in prevalence.
Previously, interviewers asked participants in the national probability
sample whether they had had asthma during the previous 12 months. In
1997 they asked "Has a doctor or other health professional ever told you
that you had asthma? During the past 12 months have you had an episode
of asthma or an asthma attack?" Prevalence of asthma increased from
31.4 per 1000 general population in 1980 to 55.2 in 1995 and decreased
slightly to 54.6 in 1996. Self-reported lifetime prevalence in 1997 was
96.6 per 1000 population, but current physician-diagnosed prevalence
was 40.7 per 1000. Current prevalence decreased to 38.4 in 1999.
Prevalence has been higher among blacks than whites, higher among
females than males, and highest at 5 to 14 years of age. There had been
little change in prevalence of acute asthma among children and
adolescents from 1997 through 2000. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; V.90; 1/03; p10)
U.S.
(SEVERITY): This study characterized the distribution of asthma burden
using a National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP)-based
classification scheme within the U.S. population. The data for this
study come from a national probability sample of adult patients and
parents of children with current asthma. Interviews were conducted by
trained interviewers in 42,022 households with telephones in the U.S.
One or more persons who met the criteria for current asthma were
identified in 3273 of the 42,022 households (7.8%) in which a screening
interview was completed. Interviews were completed with 2509 of the
3273 selected asthma patients or parents (76.7%). Patient screening and
interviews were conducted between May 21 and July 19, 1998. The mean
age of the adult population with asthma in the sample was 40.5 years,
with a high proportion being female (69%). On the basis of the severity
criteria derived from the NAEPP guidelines, only a minority (7.3%) of
individuals were classified as having a global asthma burden consistent
with mild intermittent disease; 15.4% were classified as having mild
persistent disease, and the large majority (77.3%) were classified as
having moderate to severe disease. The distribution of asthma burden
was influenced by how asthma symptoms were measured. The percentage of
subjects reporting mild intermittent, mild persistent, and
moderate/severe persistent asthma (respectively) was reported as follows
based on selected measures of symptom burden: short-term burden, 44%,
21%, 36% (day, 55%, 26%, 19%; night, 62%, 10%, 28%); long-term symptoms,
46%, 20%, 34% (attacks, 61%, 16%, 24%; long-term symptoms, 64%, 16%,
20%); functional impact, 11%, 19%, 70% (physical, 16%, 21%, 64%; social,
40%, 20%, 40%; nocturnal, 42%, 20%, 37%). (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; V.166; 2002; p1044)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): This analysis used data from 1980
through the most recent year for which data were available from four
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) data systems: the National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS; in 1997 this survey was redesigned to
improve data quality, simplify the survey, and reduce the questionnaire
length), the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), the
National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), and the Mortality Component
of the National Vital Statistics System. A fifth NCHS data set, the
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), provided data
on ambulatory care in hospitals beginning in 1992. Children aged 0 to
17 years were included, and the sample from each data source was
stratified by age group (0 to 4 years, 5 to 10 years, and 11 to 17
years) and by race/ethnicity when possible (white non-Hispanic, black
non-Hispanic, and Hispanic). The average annual prevalence of asthma
(per 1000) for 1985 to 1986 was reported as follows: overall prevalence,
49.4; white non-Hispanics, 51.0; black non-Hispanics, 59.8; Hispanics,
31.5; 0 to 4 years old, 31.9; 5 to 10 years old, 54.5; 11 to 17 years
old, 58.0. The average annual prevalence of asthma (per 1000) for 1990
to 1991 was reported as follows: overall prevalence, 60.1; white
non-Hispanics, 59.6; black non-Hispanics, 72.6; Hispanics, 51.2; 0 to 4
years old, 43.0; 5 to 10 years old, 62.7; 11 to 17 years old, 71.4. The
average annual prevalence of asthma (per 1000) for 1995 to 1996 was
reported as follows: overall prevalence, 68.6; white non-Hispanics,
65.3; black non-Hispanics, 82.1; Hispanics, 76.1; 0 to 4 years old,
50.3; 5 to 10 years old, 74.3; 11 to 17 years old, 77.4. For children
younger than 18 years, the asthma attack prevalence (per 1000) during
the previous 12 months was reported in 1997 as follows: overall
prevalence, 54.4; white non-Hispanics, 52.2; black non-Hispanics, 67.5;
Hispanics, 51.3; 0 to 4 years old, 41.2; 5 to 10 years old, 58.5; 11 to
17 years old, 60.4. For children younger than 18 years, the asthma
attack prevalence (per 1000) during the previous 12 months was reported
in 1998 as follows: overall prevalence, 53.1; white non-Hispanics, 52.1;
black non-Hispanics, 68.1; Hispanics, 47.4; 0 to 4 years old, 46.5; 5
to 10 years old, 53.0; 11 to 17 years old, 58.0. For children younger
than 18 years, the asthma attack prevalence (per 1000) during the
previous 12 months was reported in 1999 as follows: overall prevalence,
52.7; white non-Hispanics, 49.9; black non-Hispanics, 74.1; Hispanics,
44.5; 0 to 4 years old, 42.1; 5 to 10 years old, 57.2; 11 to 17 years
old, 56.2. For children younger than 18 years, the asthma attack
prevalence (per 1000) during the previous 12 months was reported in 2000
as follows: overall prevalence, 55.3; white non-Hispanics, 53.4; black
non-Hispanics, 76.8; Hispanics, 42.1; 0 to 4 years old, 43.5; 5 to 10
years old, 57.5; 11 to 17 years old, 61.5. Asthma prevalence among 0-
to 17-year-old children increased from 36 per 1000 children to 75 per
1000 from 1980 to 1995 but then decreased 17% to 62 per 1000 children in
1996. The 1997 estimate of childhood asthma attack prevalence from the
redesigned questionnaire, 54 per 1000 children, and subsequent
estimates cannot be compared directly with previous estimates and should
be considered the first point of a new trend. Because the redesigned
asthma questions measure asthma attack prevalence (individuals who had
previously received a diagnosis of asthma and who had 1 or more asthma
attacks in the past 12 months) as opposed to asthma prevalence in the
past 12 months, it is not surprising that the post-1997 estimates are
lower than previous estimates. Asthma attack prevalence from 1997 to
2000 remained level with no statistically significant difference between
estimates during this time period. In 2000, black non-Hispanic
children had an asthma attack prevalence rate 44% higher than that of
white non-Hispanic children. From 1985/1986 to 1995/1996, asthma
prevalence increased dramatically among Hispanic children. However,
from 1997 to 2000, asthma attack prevalence among Hispanic children
remained below that for white non-Hispanic children. Within the 3
pediatric age groups, prevalence increased over time. Children aged 0
to 4 years had the most rapid growth in asthma prevalence from 1980/1981
to 1995/1996. From 1997 to 2000, asthma attack prevalence remained
fairly level among all age groups. (Pediatrics; V.110; No.2; 8/02; p315)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): The authors used a nationally
representative sample to estimate the strength of the association
between low birth weight (LBW) and asthma (relative risk) as well s the
magnitude of population-wide impact of LBW on the number of children
with asthma (attributable risk). Data from the 1988 National
Maternal-Infant Health Survey and the 1991 Longitudinal Follow-Up Survey
were analyzed for this study. Standard limits for moderately low birth
weight (MLBW) (1500 to 2499 g) and very low birth weight (VLBW) (under
1500 g) were used to categorize children. In this nationally
representative, longitudinal sample of 3-year-olds, the prevalence of
asthma was 7.1%. Asthma prevalence was 21.9% among VLBW children and
10.9% among MLBW children, compared with 6.7% among children with normal
birth weight. (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; V.155; 3/01; p401)
U.S.: The authors compared predictors of asthma using two
different criteria to identify cases: maternal reports and medical
records. Data were extracted from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant
Health Survey (NMIHS) and its companion 1991 Longitudinal Follow-up
(LF). Estimates of asthma prevalence differ substantially depending on
which reporting source is used. Weighted to national levels, the
prevalence estimates for asthma in the sample were 7.7% based on medical
records or 10.0% based on maternal reports. Restricting the definition
of "cases" to those for whom both the mother and medical provider
mention asthma yields a prevalence of 4.1%; broadening the definition to
include any child for whom either the mother or medical provider
reported the condition yields a prevalence of 13.6%. (American Journal of Epidemiology; V.154; No.3; 2001; p245)
U.S.: The authors initially evaluated U.S. college freshmen for
evidence of asthma and allergic rhinitis using personal interviews,
physical examination, laboratory tests, and allergy skin tests. These
students were evaluated again by detailed questionnaires at intervals of
3, 7, and 23 years. For the 23-year follow-up study, the authors
present data on 738 individuals (mean age at follow-up, 40 years) who
were skin tested as freshmen and who completed the 23-year follow-up
questionnaire. In the initial study, the frequency of asthma was 5.3%.
In the 3-year follow-up study, the cumulative prevalence increased to
nearly 6%. The 7-year follow-up study was of particular significance
because it showed the risk of developing asthma to be significantly
increased in those individuals with previous allergic rhinitis (seasonal
or nonseasonal) when compared with controls (6.0% versus 1.3%). The
results of the 23-year follow-up study demonstrated that the prevalence
of asthma continues to increase as the individuals become older. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; V.84; 5/00; p499)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): According to the NHIS, 1.4% of U.S.
children younger than age 18 (996,000 children nationally) experienced
some degree of disability due to asthma in 1994 to 1995. The degree of
disability ranged from children who were unable to engage in school or
play activities (0.2% of all children) to those who were limited in the
amount or kind of school or play (0.5% of all children) and those who
were able to engage in their main activity but were limited in other
activities such as after-school sports (0.7% of all children).
Electronic data from the NHIS needed to estimate the prevalence of
disabling asthma (DA) first became available in 1969 and continued
through 1995. Over this 26-year period, the prevalence of DA increased
232%, from 431 to 1433 per 100,000. During this same period, the
prevalence of disability due to causes other than asthma increased 113%,
from 2249 to 4800 per 100,000. Hence, prevalence of DA has grown at a
much higher rate than prevalence of disability due to other childhood
chronic conditions. (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; V.154; 3/00; p287)
U.S. (SEVERITY): Between 1990 to 1992 and 1993 to 1994, the
estimated average annual number of persons aged 0 to 4, 5 to 14, and 15
to 34 years with self-reported asthma increased by 47%, 18%, and 22%,
respectively, based on the National Health Interview Survey. However,
during the same periods, the estimated average annual number of asthma
hospitalizations for these age groups decreased by 13%, 8%, and 5%,
respectively, based on the National Hospital Discharge Survey. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; V.154; 2/00; p143)
U.S.: A total of 4581 participants were seen in the Cardiovascular
Health Study (CHS) clinics during the year 6 follow-up examination
between May 1993 and June 1994, providing comprehensive measures of
cardiovascular disease and risk factors from a representative sample of
elderly persons from four U.S. communities. 4% of all CHS participants
reported current (definite) asthma that had been confirmed by a
physician. An additional 4% reported at least one attack of wheezing
with dyspnea or chest tightness during the previous year (probable
asthma), and an additional 11% reported wheezing brought on by various
exposures (possible asthma). Not included in the definite asthma
category are 145 participants who reported a history of asthma but
stated that they do not still have asthma. (Chest; V.116; No.3; 9/99; p603)
U.S.: Estimates of the prevalence of current childhood asthma in
the U.S. range from 4.3% to 6.7%, with evidence to suggest recent
increases. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of parents of
kindergarten children in Chicago to estimate the prevalence of diagnosed
asthma and asthma symptoms. About 80% of the children are low-income.
The study was conducted in mid-June 1996, on the day of kindergarten
"graduation." Doctor-diagnosed asthma was reported by the respondent in
10.8% of the sample, and 11.5% responded "yes" to the question, "In the
past year, has your child had what you thought was asthma?" 16% of the
respondents reported that their child had wheezed in the past year,
12.3% had exercise-induced wheezing, and 34% reported a dry cough at
night, the most commonly reported symptom. The data help confirm the
work of other researchers who studied children ages 0 through 17 living
in the Bronx, New York and found the prevalence of asthma to be 14.3%
and the prevalence of active asthma (within the last 12 months) to be
8.6%. Only a few studies have examined the prevalence of undiagnosed
asthma in U.S. inner-city areas. One group studied African American
grammar school children in Detroit, grades 3 through 5, and found that
14.3% had possible undiagnosed asthma based on either symptoms or
bronchial hyperresponsiveness. A study of Hispanic 9- to 12-year-olds
in San Diego estimated the prevalence of respiratory symptoms indicating
possible asthma to be 13.5%. The Bronx study cited above described
wheezing without an asthma diagnosis in 4.2% of the children aged 0 to
17. (Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology; V.83; 8/99; p113)
U.S.: In 1998, asthma affected an estimated 17,299,000 persons in
the U.S. The state with the largest estimated number of persons with
asthma was California (2,268,300), followed by New York (1,236,200) and
Texas (1,175,100). State-specific prevalence rates ranged from 5.8% to
7.2%. (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.47; No.47; 12/4/98; p1022)
U.S.: According to the National Health Interview Survey (1995),
the estimated prevalence rate of asthma per 1000 persons was reported as
follows: all ages, 56.8 (14.9 million cases); under 18 years, 74.9 (5.3
million cases); 18 to 44 years, 51.6 (5.6 million cases); under 45
years, 60.8 (10.9 million cases); 45 to 64 years, 53.3 (2.8 million
cases); 65 years and over, 39.8 (1.3 million cases); 65 to 74 years,
45.8 (845,000 cases); 75 years and over, 31.3 (407,000 cases). The
estimated prevalence rate per 1000 persons was reported as follows for
males versus females: under 45 years, 60.7 (5.4 million cases) vs 61.0
(5.4 million cases); 45 to 64 years, 31.4 (785,000 cases) vs 73.6 (2.0
million cases); 65 years and over, 36.2 (476,000 cases) vs 42.3 (776,000
cases); 65 to 74 years, 47.8 (393,000 cases) vs 44.3 (453,000 cases);
75 years and over, 16.9 (unreliable data) (83,000 cases) vs 40.0
(324,000 cases). (Vital and Health Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics; Series 10; No.199; 10/98; p1)
U.S.: Estimated average annual rates (per 1000 population;
age-adjusted to the 1970 U.S. population) of self-reported asthma during
the preceding 12 months from the National Health Interview Survey were
reported as follows (1987 to 1989, 1990 to 1992, and 1993 to 1994,
respectively): 42.9, 46.6, 53.8. The corresponding rates by race (also
age-adjusted) were reported as follows: white, 41.1, 44.7, 50.8;
black, 51.7, 52.2, 57.8; other, (unreliable for 1987-89), 39.7, 48.6.
The corresponding rates by gender (also age-adjusted) were reported as
follows (male vs female): 43.0 vs 42.3, 45.3 vs 47.5, 51.1 vs 56.2.
The corresponding rates by age group (not age-adjusted) were reported as
follows: age 0 to 4 years, 33.9, 46.1, 57.8; age 5 to 14 years, 60.7,
65.9, 74.4; age 15 to 34 years, 40.1, 41.7, 51.8; age 35 to 64 years,
36.8, 42.3, 44.6; age 65 years and older, 42.1, 36.4, 44.6. By 1993 to
1994, an estimated 13.7 million persons reported asthma during the
preceding 12 months. (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; V.47; No.SS-1; 4/24/98; p1)
U.S.: Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood, affecting an estimated 4.8 million children in the U.S. (Public Health Reports; V.112; 11/97; p506)
U.S.: In the U.S., 14 to 15 million people have asthma. Although
the onset of asthma may occur at any age, more than 80% of cases develop
in people younger than 45 years of age. About 70% of people with
asthma have mild disease, whereas 20% and 10% have moderate and severe
disease, respectively. (Mayo Clinic Proc; V.72; 8/97; p749)
U.S. (SYMPTOM
RESOLUTION): Many follow-up studies have shown that childhood airway
hyperresponsiveness tends to diminish or disappear with age and that
about 50% of children with asthma will have outgrown their disease by
the time they reach adulthood. (American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine; V.155; 1997; p1267)
U.S.: Because of the difficulty in precisely defining asthma, true
incidence and prevalence are unknown, but an approximate prevalence of
20% in elderly people has been reported. However, another study has
reported an incidence of asthma of over 40% in an elderly population
attending day hospital or living in welfare homes. (Gerontology; V.42; 1996; p61)
U.S. (PEDIATRIC POPULATION): This study examined the natural
history of wheezing in the first 6 years of life. The children were
enrolled as newborns between May 1980 and October 1984 in the Tucson
Children's Respiratory Study. Follow-up data at both 3 and 6 years of
age were available for 826 children. Children were assigned to four
categories according to their history of wheezing: those who had no
recorded lower respiratory tract (LRT) illness with wheezing during the
first 3 years of life and had no wheezing at age 6 (never had wheezing);
those with at least one LRT illness with wheezing during the first 3
years of life but no wheezing at age 6 (transient early wheezing); those
who had no LRT illness with wheezing during the first 3 years of life
but who had wheezing at age 6 (wheezing of late onset); and those who
had at least one LRT illness with wheezing in the first 3 years of life
and had wheezing at age 6 (persistent wheezing). A total of 425
children (51.5%) were classified as never having wheezed, 164 (19.9%) as
having had transient early wheezing, 124 (15.0%) as having wheezing of
late onset, and 113 (13.7%) as having persistent wheezing. (The New England Journal of Medicine; V.332; No.3; 1/19/95; p133)
U.S. Patient Volume
U.S. Hospital Inpatients
493.
Asthma
A=First-Listed Diagnosis; B=All-Listed Diagnoses; C=Average Stay in Days
| | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| A | 497,085 | 488,594 | 443,569 | 455,865 | 450,800 | 479,271 |
| B | 1,866,694 | 1,920,938 | 1,905,364 | 1,921,740 | 2,011,099 | 2,019,636 |
| C | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.3 |
(Note: Visits under 5000 per year have a relative standard error of +/-30%. The years of inpatient data above represent the most recent data made available by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NCHS is in the process of developing a new survey, the National Hospital Care Survey, which will provide data updates in the future. There are plans to include data from this survey in the IPD when it is made available.)
Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS)
U.S. Physician Office Visits
493.
Asthma
A=Primary Diagnosis; B=All Listed Diagnoses
| | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| A | 13,607,379 | 12,822,927 | 10,590,381 | 13,871,535 | 8,907,964 | 10,564,209 |
| B | 23,793,619 | 20,166,243 | 17,580,772 | 22,236,346 | 17,272,775 | 18,929,020 |
(Note: Visits under 846,000 per year have a relative standard error of +/-30%.)
Source: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
U.S. Emergency Department Visits
493.
Asthma
A=Primary Diagnosis; B=All Listed Diagnoses
| | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| A | 1,838,030 | 1,770,327 | 1,589,683 | 1,753,685 | 1,903,350 | 2,069,894 |
| B | 2,556,446 | 2,673,848 | 2,376,188 | 2,350,515 | 2,500,180 | 2,666,724 |
(Note: Visits under 80,000 per year have a relative standard error of +/-30%.)
Source: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
U.S. Hospital Outpatients
493.
Asthma
A=Primary Diagnosis; B=All Listed Diagnoses
| | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| A | 1,054,489 | 1,304,152 | 1,092,377 | 1,408,434 | 1,662,870 | 1,174,062 |
| B | 2,014,441 | 2,475,768 | 2,139,833 | 2,356,888 | 2,611,324 | 2,122,516 |
(Note: Visits under 100,000 per year have a relative standard error of +/-30%.)
Source: National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey